目的论视角下崔树里上游3A水电站施工合同英译汉实践报告

'分类号______________________________密级______________________________ＵＤＣ______________________________编号______________________________全日制专业学位硕士论文目的论视角下崔树里上游3A水电站施工合同英译汉实践报告AReportonE-CTranslationofConstructionContractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProjectfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory学位申请人：刘峥翻译报告学科领域：英语笔译校内导师：胡丹教授校外导师：陈红民答辩日期：2018年5月27日 AReportonE-CTranslationofConstructionContractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProjectfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryLiuZhengSupervisedbyProfessorHuDanSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofMasterofTranslationandInterpretingEastChinaJiaotongUniversityMay2018 独创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表和撰写的研究成果，也不包含为获得华东交通大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本人签名_______________日期____________关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解华东交通大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅。学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定，本论文无保密内容。学生本人签名日期校内导师签名日期校外导师签名日期 ABSTRACTABSTRACTWiththedeepeningofreformandopening-upandgradualimplementationof“TheBeltandRoadInitiative”,Chinatakesanactivepartininternationalcooperation.Nowadays,asChinahasbecomeamajorcountryfortheconstructionsofoverseasprojects,alargenumberofSino-foreignconstructioncontractsaresignedtoprotecttheirmutualprofits.Undoubtedly,translationofsuchcontractsbecomesvital.Againstthisbackground,studiesonconstructioncontractanditstranslationareatthetopofagenda.BasedonanE-Ccontracttranslationproject,theauthortriestodiscusstheE-CtranslationskillsofconstructioncontractsundertheguidanceofthreerulesoftheSkopostheory.InaccordancewiththeguidingruleoftheSkopostheory,theauthorhighlightsthetranslationpurposeofconstructioncontract,especiallyinassociationwiththeE-CtranslationofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject.Besides,theauthorappliesthefidelityruletoitslexicaltranslationbymainlyanalyzingthetranslationskillsofarchaicwords,technicalterms,synonymsandmodalverbs.Then,theauthorexploresthecoherencerule,mainlyexploringthetranslationskillsoflongsentences,passivevoiceandconditionalclauses.Inthispaper,thetranslationpracticeandanalysisattachmuchimportancetotheconstructioncontractqualityatbothlexicalandsyntacticallevels,especiallywiththetranslationpurposeinview.Basedontheoreticalanalysis,theauthorfindsthatitisfeasibletoapplytheSkopostheorytotheE-Cconstructioncontracttranslation,whichhasbeenprovenveryinstructiveandeffectiveincasestudies.Inthistranslationpractice,theauthoralsofindsthathowtochoosethepropermethodintheE-CconstructioncontracttranslationundertheguidanceofthethreerulesoftheSkopostheory.Forinstance,skoposruleisusedtohelpthetranslatorchoosetheappropriatetranslationmethodsingeneral.Inaccordancewithskoposrule,thepurposefortranslationdeterminestheselectionoftranslationmethod.Then,thetranslationpurposeofthisprojectisprimarilydiscussed.Asuccessfulconstructioncontractshouldstipulatetherightsandobligationsofthepartiesclearly.So,theconstructioncontractshouldbetranslatedexactlyinconsistencewithitspurpose,namelytoattaintheaccuracy,formalityandreadabilityastheoriginalone.Fidelityruleisusedtoachievetheaccuracyandfidelityatthelexicallevel.Then,atthelexicaltranslation,literaltranslationcanbegenerallyadopted,orotherwise.Accordingtocoherencerule,thetargettextshouldbei ABSTRACTreadableandunderstandablebytargetreaders.Thus,atthesyntacticaltranslation,translationskillscanbeusedflexiblyaccordingtodifferentcases,suchasadjustingthesentenceorder,adoptingtheskillsofdivisionandreconstructionindealingwithlongsentences,convertingthepassivevoiceintoactivevoice,etc.Someotherimportantinspirationsandexperiencesforconstructioncontracttranslationaredrawnandsomesuggestionsforlaterimprovementareadvocatedintheconclusion.Keywords:Skopostheory,constructioncontracttranslation,translationpurpose,translationmethodsii 摘要摘要随着改革开放的不断深化及“一带一路”政策的实施，中国积极投身于国际合作。目前，中国已经成为海外项目建设的主力军，大量的中英文施工合同被签订来确保双方利益。因此，施工合同的翻译质量将直接影响国际工程项目的成功与否。在此种背景下，对施工合同及其翻译进行研究尤其必要。基于作者自身翻译实践，以目的论三原则为指导，本文将探讨施工合同汉译的翻译技巧。目的原则主要应用于篇章层面的分析，重点探讨了尼泊尔崔树里上游3A水电站施工合同的翻译目的和本质。忠实原则主要应用于词汇层面的翻译。作者分别对古体词、情态动词、专业术语、同义词进行了分析。而连贯原则主要应用于语句层面的翻译。在此报告中，作者重点对条件句、被动语态以及长句进行翻译实践与研究。基于尼泊尔崔树里上游3A水电站施工合同翻译实践，本文以翻译目的为宗旨，着重从词汇和句法两个层面对施工合同翻译进行了探究。基于理论分析，作者发现目的论十分适用于指导施工合同英译汉实践，其有效性及指导性在案例分析中得到有力证明。以目的论为指导，通过案例分析,作者发现目的原则可用于指导整体翻译策略的选择。根据目的原则，翻译目的决定翻译方法的选择。因此，本文重点探讨了施工合同的翻译目的。一份成功的施工合同须清楚表明合同双方的权利与义务。因此，施工合同的翻译应体现其翻译目的，即表达准确、规范且清晰易懂。忠实原则要求译文忠实于原文。因此，词汇翻译应以直译为主，反之亦然；连贯原则要求译文具有可读性与可接受性。因此，句子翻译时，译者应根据不同的情况，灵活运用翻译策略，如翻译长句时，可采用切分、重组、换序等方法；处理被动语态时，可将被动转换为主动等。最后，本文总结了施工合同翻译的其他重要启示和经验，并提出了相关翻译建议。关键词：目的论；施工合同翻译；翻译目的；翻译方法iii CONTENTSCONTENTSABSTRACT...................................................................................................................i摘要..............................................................................................................................iiiCONTENTS.................................................................................................................ivLISTOFTABLES.......................................................................................................vi1.INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................11.1ResearchBackground...................................................................................11.2ResearchSignificance..................................................................................11.3DescriptionoftheTranslationProject..........................................................21.4OutlineoftheThesis....................................................................................22.DESCRIPTIONOFTRANSLATIONPROCESS................................................32.1PreparationBeforeTranslation....................................................................32.2ProcessofTranslation..................................................................................32.3ProofreadingofTranslation.........................................................................43.THEORETICALBASIS:SKOPOSTHEORY.....................................................53.1BriefIntroductiontoSkoposTheory...........................................................53.2TheApplicationofSkoposTheoryinTranslationStudies..........................63.3FeasibilityofSkoposTheoryinTranslatingConstructionContracts..........74.CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORY............................................94.1SkoposRuleattheTextualLevel.................................................................94.2FidelityRuleattheLexicalLevel..............................................................104.2.1ArchaicWords..................................................................................104.2.2ModalVerbs.....................................................................................124.2.3Synonyms.........................................................................................144.2.4TechnicalTerms................................................................................164.3CoherenceRuleattheSyntacticalLevel...................................................184.3.1LongSentences................................................................................194.3.2PassiveVoice....................................................................................224.3.3ConditionalClauses.........................................................................245.CONCLUSION......................................................................................................27iv CONTENTSREFERENCES...........................................................................................................30APPENDICES............................................................................................................32AppendixA......................................................................................................32AppendixB......................................................................................................57ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................81个人简历在校期间学术（翻译）成果.................................................................82v LISTOFTABLESLISTOFTABLESTable4-1:LiteralTranslationofSomeTechnicalTermsforHydraulicEngineering....Page16vi INTRODUCTION1.INTRODUCTION1.1ResearchBackgroundWiththedeepeningofreformandopening-upandgradualimplementationof“TheBeltandRoadInitiative”,China’sinternationalcooperationhasbeenrisingintoanewlevel.Chinahasbecomeamajorcountryofoverseasprojects.AsmoreandmoreChineseenterprisesjointheinternationalprojects,alargenumberofSino-foreignconstructioncontractsaresigned.Thereisnodoubtthatthetranslationqualityofconstructioncontractwilldirectlydeterminethesuccessorfailureoftheinternationalproject.Againstthisbackground,studiesonconstructioncontractanditstranslationarevitallyimportant.Inthispaper,theauthorwillmakearesearchontheconstructioncontractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProjectinNepalfromtheperspectiveoftheSkopostheorysoastoexplorefeasibletranslationmethodsandmanifesthowqualifiedconstructioncontracttranslationensuresorbenefitstheaccomplishmentoftheinternationalproject.1.2ResearchSignificanceAttheacademiclevel,theauthorchoosestheconstructioncontractastheresearchobjectundertheguidanceoftheSkopostheoryinhopeofsupplementingandenrichingstudiesoncontracttranslationbecausestudiesonconstructioncontractanditstranslationarerelativelyrare.Atthepracticallevel,italsohasgreatsocialandeconomicsignificance.Sincethepolicyofreformandopeningup,thecooperationbetweenChinaandothercountrieshasbecomemoreandmorefrequent.Moreover,withtheimplementationof“TheBeltandRoadInitiative”,China’sinternationalcooperationhasbeenrisingintoanewlevel.Chinahasbeenamajorcountryforoverseasprojectsconstruction.MoreandmoreChineseenterprisesgoabroadtobuildroads,bridges,housesandotherprojects.ThusalargenumberofSino-foreignconstructioncontractsaresignedtostipulatetheirrightsandobligations.Undoubtedly,thetranslationqualityofthose1 INTRODUCTIONcontractswilldecidewhethertheprojectissuccessfulornot.Underthiscircumstance,studiesonconstructioncontractanditstranslationareofgreatimportance.So,thisstudyhasaremarkablerealisticsignificance.1.3DescriptionoftheTranslationProjectInthisreport,theauthorwillmakearesearchonaconstructioncontractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProjectinNepal.ThisconstructioncontractissignedbytheNepalgovernmentandChinaGezhoubaGroupCorporation(CGGC).ThishydroelectricprojectinNepalwillbeconstructedbyCGGC.Asakeyprojectunder“TheBeltandRoadInitiatives”,thisprojectisstronglysupportedbytheNepalgovernment.ThesourcetexttranslatedbytheauthorisPartVI:Employer’sRequirements.Thesourcetexthasatotalofabout9000Englishwordsandthetimelimitis10days.1.4OutlineoftheThesisThisreportconsistsoffourchapters:Thefirstchapterisanintroduction.Theauthorintroducestheresearchbackground,significanceanddescribesthestructureofthereport.Thesecondchapterisadescriptionofthetranslationprocess.ChapterThreewillintroducetheSkopostheoryandexploreitsfeasibilityintranslatingconstructioncontract.ChapterFourwillexploretheapplicationoftheSkopostheorytolexicaltranslation,syntactictranslationthroughcaseanalysis.Thelastchapterisasummary.2 DESCRIPTIONOFTRANSLATIONPROCESS2.DESCRIPTIONOFTRANSLATIONPROCESSThetranslationprocessisdividedintothefollowingthreesteps:preparationbeforetranslation,processoftranslationandproofreadingoftranslation.2.1PreparationBeforeTranslationInordertoaccomplishthistranslationtask,lotsofpreparationshavebeendone.Firstofall,theauthorshouldhaveabasicunderstandingofthesourcetext.Afterreadingitcarefully,theauthorfindsthatitisaconstructioncontractrelatedwithhydroelectricengineering.SinceitisinstrictaccordancewiththeFIDICcontractdocuments,theauthorchoosesFIDICcontractdocumentsforreference.Fortunately,theauthorhaslearnedlessonsofFIDICandhasthebookssuchasTheFIDICContractGuideandTheNewFIDICContractGuideandAnalysisinhandforreference.Besides,asonetypeofESP(EnglishforSpecificPurposes),hydroelectricengineeringEnglishhasalargeamountofspecializedtechnicalterms.Inordertotranslatethemaccurately,theauthorshouldlearnsomebackgroundinformationabouthydraulicengineering.Thus,theauthorpreparesseveralprofessionalbooksanddictionariesinthisfieldforreference,suchasSpecializedEnglishforHydroelectricEngineering,AnEnglishDictionaryofWaterConservancyandHydropowerEngineering.Inaddition,theauthorchoosestheSkopostheoryastheguidingtheory.Therefore,considerablestudiesontheSkopostheoryshouldbedoneinordertoachieveproficiencyandeffectivenessintranslation.2.2ProcessofTranslationAftertwoday’spreparation,theauthorbeginstodealwiththesourcetextbyextractingtechnicaltermsfromthesourcetext.Thentheauthorsearchesforrelatedparalleltextsandcollectsthemtogethertoformaglossaryandparallelcorpora.Paralleltextsaresomereferencessimilartocontentsofthesourcetext(LiChangshuan,2004).Finally,theauthorimportsthesetechnicaltermsandparalleltextsintothedatabaseofaCATtool--Trados.TheuseofTradoscangreatlyimprovethe3 DESCRIPTIONOFTRANSLATIONPROCESSefficiencyandreduceerrorsintranslating.AftertheprocessingofTrados,theauthorstartstheinitialtranslation.Aftersodoing,theauthorbeginstoprocesstheinitialtranslationcarefullydaybyday.Ontheeighthday,theauthorfinishesthetranslationtask.2.3ProofreadingofTranslationInthelasttwodays,theauthorbeginstoproofreadthefirstdraft.Firstly,theauthorchecksthetranslatedtexttoseeifthereexistanylow-levelmistakes,suchasspellingandgrammaticalmistakes.Next,theauthorbeginstocheckthecorrectnessandaccuracyofthetranslationtext.Forsomeuncertaintranslationversions,theauthorchecksthemagainandagainbyaskingteachersandexpertsorsurfingontheInternettoensuretheaccuracy.Asalegalcontract,accuracyandcorrectnessarevitalandshouldbegivenpriorityto.Intheend,theauthorchecksitscoherenceandreadability.Asaninformativetext,thetranslatedtextshouldbereadableandunderstandablebytargetreaders.Aftersodoing,theauthorsubmitsthefinaltranslationandgainstherecognitionoftheclient.4 THEORETICALBASIS:SKOPOSTHEORY3.THEORETICALBASIS:SKOPOSTHEORY3.1BriefIntroductiontoSkoposTheoryThisreportisguidedbytheSkopostheoryanditsthreerules:skoposrule,fidelityruleandcoherencerule.Tofacilitateabetterunderstanding,theauthorwillgiveabriefintroductiontotheSkopostheory.SkopostheorywasfirstproposedbyGermanfunctionalisttheorist:HansVermeer.Itsformationanddevelopmenthavegonethroughfourstages.Thefirststage:In1971,KatharinaReisspublishedabooknamedPossibilitiesandLimitationsinTranslationCriticism.Forthefirsttime,textualfunctionswerelistedasoneoftranslationcriticismstandards.Thensheputforwardthefunctionalcriticismmodebasedonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweentheoriginallanguageandthetargetlanguage(Gentzler,2004:70).Reiss(2003)believedthatanidealtranslationshouldbecomprehensiveandcommunicative.Thetargettextshouldbeequivalenttotheoriginaltextinthecontent,languageformsandcommunicativefunctions.Ingeneral,Reiss’stheorywasbasedonthetheoryofequivalence.Infact,itmeanssearchingforthefunctionalequivalencebetweenthetargettextandoriginaltext.Thesecondstage:HansVermeer(2000)brokethroughthelimitationofequivalencetheoryandputforwardtheSkopostheory.Thistheoryassumedthatthetranslationmethodsandstrategiesaredecidedbythepurposeandfunctionoftargettext.Vermeerproposedthattranslationisapurposefulaction.Thethirdstage:AnotherGermantranslationtheoristJustaHolzManttaridevelopedVermeer’sSkopostheoryandthenpointedoutthattranslationisakindofcomplexbehaviortoachieveaspecialpurpose(Nord,1997).Hefocusedonthetranslationprocess,theroleofparticipantsandtheenvironmentinwhichthetranslationprocesstakesplace.Thefourthstage:In2001,TranslationasaPurposefulActivitywaspublished.Forthefirsttime,ChristianeNordmadeacomprehensivesummaryandimprovedthe5 THEORETICALBASIS:SKOPOSTHEORYfunctionaltheorywiththelanguagesystemofEnglishratherthanGerman.Inviewofthedeficiencyoffunctionaltranslationtheory,Nord(2001)alsoputforwardthefunctionandloyaltyprinciple.Skopostheoryhasthreerulesintotal:skoposrule,fidelityruleandcoherencerule.Skoposruleisthefirstrule.Inotherwords,thepurposeofthetranslationdeterminesthewholetranslationprocess.Usually,thispurposereferstothecommunicativepurposeofthetranslation.Coherencerulerequiresthatthetargettextmustconformtotheintratexualcoherence.Thatistosay,thetargettextmustbereadableandunderstandablebytherecipientandmeaningfulinthetargetlanguagecultureandthecommunicativeenvironmentoftargettext.Fidelityrulerequiresthatthereshouldexistintertextualcoherencebetweentheoriginaloneandthetargettext.Thatmeansthetargettextshouldbefaithfultotheoriginalone.Thedegreeandformoffaithfulnessaredeterminedbythepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingoftheoriginaltext.Amongthem,skoposruledominatestheothertworules.3.2TheApplicationofSkoposTheoryinTranslationStudiesGuiQianyuan(1987)wrotethearticleOnThreeGermanTranslators,markingtheintroductionofSkopostheoryintoChina.Lateron,ZhongWeihe(1999)evaluatedthatthetheoryhadgreatsignificanceandimportantreferencetotranslationstudies.Since2000,Skopostheoryhasbeenwidelyusedinthetranslationstudieswhichincludestudiesontranslationstrategy,translationtheory,translationcriticismandtranslationteaching.Amongthem,studiesontranslationstrategiesundertheguidanceoftheSkopostheorytopthelist.Forexample,WuWenan(2003)explainedhowtoapplytheSkopostheoryintoliterarytranslation.ZhouSuwenandMaoZhongming(2004)carriedoutstudiesontranslationstrategiesofEnglishmovietitlesundertheguidanceoftheSkopostheory.ShenJicheng(2005)exploredtranslationstrategiesofadvertisementbyusingtheSkopostheory.WuZixuan(2005)appliedtheSkopos6 THEORETICALBASIS:SKOPOSTHEORYtheoryintothestudiesonnewstranslationtoexplorethefeasibletranslationstrategies.ZhangChangmingandZhongWeihe(2005)exploredthefeasibilityoftheSkopostheoryintranslatinglegaldocuments.TianXiaoling(2009)probedintoC-EtranslationstrategiesofscientificpaperbasedontheSkopostheory.PanDongting(2010)discussedthetranslationofbusinesstextfromtheperspectiveoftheSkopostheory.DengWei,MengQingsheng(2010)studiedthetranslationofsubtitlefromthelinguisticandculturalperspectivesonthebasisoftheSkopostheory.ChenYajieandWangXin(2011)carriedoutthestudiesontranslationofcharacteristicvocabulariesofethnicgroupsbasedontheSkopostheoryandpresentedsometranslationstrategies.SunXueyingandFengQinghua(2014)putforwardtranslationprinciplesandstrategiesofforeignpublicitymaterialsofenterprisesinaccordancewiththeSkopostheory.Fromtheabovestudies,itcanbefoundthattheSkopostheoryhasbeenwidelyusedintranslationpracticeespeciallyinappliedtranslation,forinstance,thebusinesstranslation,advertisementtranslation,subtitletranslationandsoon,butseldominthestudiesofcontracttranslation.Therefore,itprovidesapromisingresearchdirectionforourfurtherexploration.3.3FeasibilityofSkoposTheoryinTranslatingConstructionContractsContractischaracterizedbyhighformality,anditstranslationshouldrealizefidelityandaccuracyatthelexicallevel,coherenceandconcisenessatthesyntacticlevel.Withsuchatranslationpurpose,theauthorchoosesthreerulesoftheSkopostheoryastheguidingtheory.Indetail,skoposrulecanbeusedtohelpthetranslatortoselectthepropertranslationstrategiesingeneral;fidelityrulerequiresthatthetargettextshouldbefaithfultotheoriginalone,whichisjustrightforcontracttranslation;coherencerulecanbeusedtoachievecoherenceandconcisenessatthesyntacticallevel.Therefore,theauthorchoosesthethreerulesoftheSkopostheoryasthe7 THEORETICALBASIS:SKOPOSTHEORYguidanceforthetranslationofconstructioncontractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProjectandmakesameaningfulexplorationoffeasibletranslationmethods.8 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORY4.CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYWiththetheoreticalguidanceofthreerulesoftheSkopostheoryinthisE-Ccontracttranslation,theauthorwillexplorepropertranslationmethodsforasuccessfultranslation.Ingeneral,skoposruleisusedtoguidetheauthoratthemacrolevel.Indetail,coherenceruleisappliedtoachieveintratextualcoherenceandmakethetargettextreadableandunderstandablebythetargetreaders.Then,fidelityrulecanbeusedtoachievefaithfulnessbetweentheST(SourceText)andTT(TargetText).InthisChapter,theauthorwillexplorehowthesethreerulesarehelpfulfortranslatorstochoosepropertranslationskillsatlexicalandsyntacticlevelrespectivelythroughcaseanalysis.4.1SkoposRuleattheTextualLevelSkoposruleisappliedtoguidethisconstructioncontracttranslationatthemacrolevel.Accordingtoskoposrule,thepurposeofthetranslationdeterminesthewholetranslationprocess.Usually,thispurposereferstothecommunicativepurposeofthetranslation.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldadopttheappropriatetranslationmethodsaccordingtothecommunicativepurposeofthetargettext.Sowhentranslatingthesourcetext,thetranslatorneedstomakeamacroanalysisaboutthesourcetext,whichhelpstoclarifythetranslationpurpose.Firstly,thesourcetextisapartofaconstructioncontractmadebythegovernmentofNepalinEnglish.Asacontract,itstipulatestherightsandobligationsofthepartiesandhaslegaleffects.Incontracttranslation,thetranslatorshouldmakethetranslatedcontractproducethesameeffectwiththeoriginalone.Itmeansthatoneofthepartiesunderthecontract,whospeaksthetargetlanguage,willobtainthesameunderstandingofthiscontractastheotherpartywhospeakstheoriginallanguage.9 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYSecondly,thesourcetextmainlyintroducestheemployer’srequirements.ThetargetreadersareChineseengineersofChinaGezhoubaGroupCorporation.TheauthorshouldtranslateittoChinesetomakethemunderstandtheserequirementsclearlyandaccuratelysoastoaccomplishthishydroelectricprojectsmoothlyandsuccessfully.Withsuchtwopurposes,theauthorwillexplorethecorrespondingconcretetranslationmethodsatlexicalandsyntacticallevels.4.2FidelityRuleattheLexicalLevelFidelityrulerequiresthatthetargettextshouldbefaithfultotheoriginaloneasmuchaspossiblefortherealizationofintertextualcoherence.Thesourcetextisacontractwhichhasaspecialstyleofsolemnity,concisenessandprecision.So,contracttranslationismoredemandingthanordinarytranslationincomplyingwiththefidelityrule.Inthissection,theauthorwillanalyzesuchlexicaltranslationasarchaicwords,modalverbs,synonymsandtechnicalterms.4.2.1ArchaicWordsArchaicwordshavebeenrarelyusedinmoderntimes,buttherestillexistalotofarchaicwordsinlegaldocuments,forlawyersholdthatthosearchaicwordscanmakelegaldocuments’languageconciseandrigorousandgivegreaterauthority,seriousnessandformalitytothelegaltext(LiPing,2017:30).Archaicwordsintheformof“here+prep”and“there+prep”areintensivelyusedinlegaldocuments.Here,theauthorwillintroducethecorrespondingmethodsforthetranslationofsuchusagestoindicateformalityandconciseness.(A)Translationof“here+prep”Example(1)ST:UnlessotherwisespecifiedhereinororderedbytheEmployer,theContractorshallkeeptheWorkswelldraineduntiltheissueoftheDefectLiabilityCertificate.10 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYTT:除非本合同另有规定或经雇主要求，否则在发出缺陷责任证书前，承包商须保持工程排水良好.Example(2)ST:TheContractorshallfurnishallplantandmaterialsrequiredforthecompletionoftheWorksexceptasotherwiseprovidedintheContract,allplantandmaterialswhichformpartoftheWorksshallbenewandshallconformtothestandardprovidedinthespecificationsorstandardsreferredtoinClause9hereof.TT:承包商须提供工程完工所需的所有设备和材料。除非合同另有规定，否则承包商所提供的所有工程设备均须是新购且符合本合同第9条条款规定的规格及标准。“Herein”and“hereof”arecommonlyusedinEnglishcontractwhichmean“inthisdocument”.Theuseofthemistoavoidtherepetitionof“inthisdocument”andguaranteethepreciseness,formalityoflegallanguage.IntheTT,theauthortranslatestheminto“本合同”,whichisfaithfultotheoriginalmeaning.Heretheauthorsummarizessomecommonuseofarchaicwordsintheformof“here+prep”andprovidescorrespondingtranslationsasreference.Hereby=bymeansof,byreasonof.InChinese,因此，特此，兹Herein=inthis.InChinese,此中，与此Hereof=ofthis.InChinese,在本文（合同）中Hereto=tothismatter;tothisdocument,etc.InChinese,与此，至此(B)Translationof“there+prep”Example(3)ST:Uponreceiptofanydrawingsanddocumentswhichhavebeenmarkedasshownin(1)(a)&(1)(b)above,theContractorwillbeauthorizedtoproceedtotheworkcoveredbysuchdrawingsanddocumentswhichmaybesubjecttomakinganycorrection(s)ifindicatedthereonbytheEmployer;TT:收到按上述(1)(a)条和(1)(b)条标注的文件和图纸时，承包商将被授权继续进行上述图纸和文件所涵盖的工程的施工。雇主在上述图纸和文件上标明需要修改的应进行修改；11 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYExample(4)ST:TheContractorshallfurnishallnecessaryequipment,materialandlaborthereofandshallexecutetheworksinconformitywiththedirectionoftheEmployer.TT:承包商须提供该工程所需所有设备、材料、及人力并遵从雇主指导进行施工。InExample(3),“thereon”means“onthosedrawingsanddocuments”andtheauthortranslatesitinto“上述图纸和文件”.InExample(4),“thereof”means“ofthatWorks”andtheauthortranslatesitinto“该工程”.Thesetwotranslationsarebothfaithfultotheoriginaltextandmakethetargetlanguageconcise.Theuseof“there+prep”canbeconcludedasfollows:Therein=inthat.InChinese,在那里，在那点上Thereto=toit,tothethingthatjustmentioned.InChinese,随附，附之Thereof=ofthat.InChinese,由此，因此，本Thereafter=afterwards.InChinese,此后Themasteryofthecorrespondingtranslationoftheabovearchaicusagewillhelpusmakearightandefficientuseoftheminthelegaldocuments.4.2.2ModalVerbsModalverbsareintensivelyusedinEnglishcontracts,suchas“shall”,“must”and“may”.Amongthem,“shall”isauniqueone.ItisrarelyusedinordinaryEnglishwhileintensivelyusedinlegalEnglish.Takingthesourcetextasanexample,sixkindsofmodalverbsoftenappearintheST.Theyare“shall”,“will”,“may”,“should”,“can”and“might”,amongwhich“shall”appears210timesandenjoysthehighestfrequency.Thus,theauthorwillexplorethemethodsoftranslating“shall”inthefollowingsection.InlegalEnglish,“shall”isoftenusedwiththesecondorthirdpersontoexpressthatoneshouldormustfulfillrightsandobligationsorbearcertainliability.Itisequivalentto“must”,“berequiredto”,“betodo”and“haveto”(LiKexing,2007:59).12 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYTherearetwoskillstotranslate“shall”:(A)TranslateitintocorrespondingChinese;(B)Donottranslateitatall.(A)Translate“shall”intocorrespondingChineseExample(5)ST:TheContractorshallcarryout,andberesponsiblefor,therequiredsurveyanddetaileddesignoftheprojecttothesatisfactionmentionedinthescopeofworkoftheEmployer’srequirement.Allthedesignshallconfirmtotheapplicationportionsofthestandardcodesmentionedinthespecification.TheContractorshallpreparethedesignasrequiredtoconfirmthefollowing:TT:承包商应开展并负责规定的调查和具体的项目设计，确保调查和设计符合雇主要求中工作范围部分提及的标准。所有设计均应符合本规范提及的标准对应用的要求。承包商应按要求提供符合如下规定的设计：InExample(5),“shall”isusedwiththethirdpersontoindicatethecontractor’smandatoryobligation.AsLiKexing(2007)pointsoutthat,underthiscircumstances,“shall”canbetranslatedinto“应”，“须”，“应当”.Withhighercompulsion,itcanbetranslatedinto“须”whilewithweakercompulsion,youcanchoosethetranslationversionof“应”.Whenthetargetreadersaremainlandlegalprofessionals,thetranslationversionof“应当”ismoreproper.(B)Donottranslate“shall”intheTTHowever,notevery“shall”shouldbetranslatedinto“应”，“须”，“应当”.When“shall”isusedinthelawsforallpublicorinthetermsthatallcorrespondingpartiesmustfulfill,thetranslatordoesnotneedtotranslateit.Inaddition,“shall”canalsobeomittedinthetargettextwhenitisusedtogetherwiththosewordswhichcanindicaterights,obligations,powers,responsibilitiesorcapabilitiesthemselves,suchas“havetherightto”,“beobligedto”,“beresponsiblefor”,“beableto”,ect.(LiKexing,2007:59).Example(6)ST:Theconceptuallayoutoftheplanthasbeendevelopedinthedetailprojectreport.Thedimensiongiveninthedetailprojectreportispurelyforreferencepurpose13 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYonly.TheEmployershallnotberesponsibleforanythingprovidedinthereportanddrawings.TT:电厂的总体布局见具体项目报告。具体项目报告给出的尺寸仅做参考用。雇主无义务对报告和图纸的任何内容负责。InExample(6),“shall”isusedtogetherwith“beresponsiblefor”,whichsuitsthesecondsituationmentionedabove,thustheauthorchoosesnottotranslate“shall”.Obviously,withaclearunderstandingofthemeaningof“shall”anditsuse,wecanchoosethecorrecttranslatingskillaccordingly.4.2.3SynonymsInordertoprotecttherightsofbothpartiesinthecontractandtoindicatethesolemnityandaccuracyofthelegallanguage,synonymsarecommonlyusedtogetherincontracts.Thesesynonymsarecalledpairsynonymsandoftenconnectedwith“and”,“or”.(YiZhixian,1999:7).Thesesynonymscanbefurtherclassifiedassynonymsforthesamemeaning,andsynonymsforthedifferentmeaningaccordingtodifferentpurposes(XuZhishan,2012:102).Thus,thetranslationofsynonymscanbedividedintotwocases.Asforsynonymsforthesamemeaning,thetranslatorcandirectlygivethesamerendering.Forexample,“nullandvoid”canbetranslatedinto“无效”inChinesefor“null”and“void”sharethesamemeaning.Forthosesynonymswithdifferentmeanings,thetranslatorshouldexplorethecorrespondingexpressionsinthetargetlanguage.Example(7)ST:TheEmployerreservestherighttorequestthattheContractorshalladddetailsandmakeanychangesormodificationstothedrawingsand/ordocumentswhicharenecessarytoconformtotheprovisionsandintentofthespecificationsandtheContractorshalldosowithoutextracost.TT:雇主有权要求承包商对图纸和/或文件增添详细信息和做出任何修改，以确保符合规范，且承包商不应收取额外费用。Inthisexample,“changes”and“modifications”aresynonymswiththesame14 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYmeaning,thustheauthordecidestodirectlytranslatethemintoChineseas“修改”,whichisfaithfultotheoriginalsentence.However,thereexistsaspecialkindofsynonymsforthesamemeaningintheconstructioncontractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject.Then,theauthorwillintroducethemethodshowtohandlewiththem.Example(8)ST:Ten(10)CivilEngineersintotalofNEAwillparticipateintrainingfortransferoftechnologyattheContractor’shomecountryorabroadfor15dayseachforeveryEngineer.TT:总共十（10）位尼泊尔土木工程师将参加在承包商母国或国外举行的技术转让培训，每位工程师各培训15天。“Ten(10)”inExample(8)isakindofspecialsynonymsforthesamemeaningwhichmanifestthestrictnessandprecisenessofcontract.ComparedwithExample(7),theauthortranslatesitintoChineseas“十（10）”,whichmakesthetargettexthighlyfaithfultotheoriginaltextandbetterconsistentwiththerigorousstyleofcontract.Example(9)ST:NoconcreteforpermanentworkcanbepoureduntiltheapplicabledrawingsanddocumentshavebeenapprovedbytheEmployer.Priortomakingthepour,ajointinspectionwillberequiredbytheEmployer’sRepresentativeandtheContractor’sRepresentativetoensurethattheapproveddrawing(s)anddocumentsandappropriatespecificationshavebeenfullycompliedwith.Anydiscrepanciesordeficienciessodiscoveredshallbecorrectedbeforetheconcretepouring.TT:在适用的图纸和文件经雇主批准之前，承包商不可浇灌混凝土，建造永久性工程。浇灌之前，雇主代表和承包商代表须一起检查，以确保工程完全遵照经批准的图纸和文件以及相应的规范。任何差异或缺陷应在浇灌混凝土之前修正。InExample(9),“discrepancies”and“deficiencies”aresynonymswhichsuitthesecondcasementionedabove.Theyexpressdifferentmeanings,thustheauthortranslatesthemintoChineseseparatelyas“差异”and“缺陷”.15 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYAshavebeenshownintheaboveexamples,thesynonymswiththesamemeaningaretranslatedintoacondensedexpressionforconcisenesswhereasthesynonymswithdifferentmeaningsshouldberenderedintodifferentexpressionsforaccuracyanddistinction.Inaddition,translationofspecialkindsofsynonymsforthesamemeaningshouldbehighlyfaithfultotheoriginalexpressionforstrictnessandpreciseness.4.2.4TechnicalTermsThesourcetextisapartofaconstructioncontractforUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject.Therefore,therearealotoftechnicaltermsforhydraulicengineering.Inordertoachievetheaccuracyofthecontractandmakethetargettextreadableforthetargetreaders,correcttranslationoftheseterminologiesisofgreatimportance.Anexcellenttranslatorshouldfirstlyhaveagoodcommandoftherelevantprofessionalknowledgewhendealingwithtechnicalterms.Thetranslationmethodsmainlyincludeliteraltranslationandliberaltranslation.WhentechnicaltermsinEnglishcanfindcorrespondingChineseexpressions,literaltranslationisused.Mostofexpressionsandsentencesinthenon-literarytranslationcanbetranslatedwiththeliteraltranslationmethods.Forthosethatcannotfindcorrespondingexpressions,freetranslationisagoodchoice.However,thetranslatorshouldensurethattheexpressioniscorrectandunderstandable.Thefollowingtableisanexampleofliteraltranslation.Example(10)STTTDesignFloodDischarge设计洪水流量FishPassage鱼道RatedVoltage额定电压Powerhouse发电室HeadraceTunnel引水隧道TailraceWaterLevel尾水水位16 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYTurbineDischarge水轮机流量Table4-1LiteralTranslationofSomeTechnicalTermsforHydraulicEngineeringAsaconstructioncontract,therealsoexistssometermsandwordswhichcontainonemeaningindailylifeandothermeaningsindifferentfields(ZhuLi,2008:90).Whendealingwithsuchtermsandwords,thetranslatorshouldfigureouttherealmeaninginthesourcetexttomakethetranslationfaithfultotheoriginaltext.Herearesomeexamples.Example(11)ST:Alistofclaims(ifany)submittedduringthereportingperiodtoincludeclaimamountsoncostandextensionoftime.TT:一份说明报告期内申请索赔的清单（如果有的话），包括索赔金额及时延。“claim”hasthegeneralmeaningof“demand,requirement,assertion”whileinthissentenceitdoesn’tmakesensetotranslateitintoChineseas“一份说明报告期内申请声称的清单（如果有的话），包括声称金额及时延。”.Inthiscase,thetranslatorshouldfigureouttheaccuratemeaningwiththehelpofprofessionalsandthecontext.Then,theterm“claim”inthelegaldocumentshouldbetranslatedas“索赔”.Example(12)ST:RutsandscarsshallbeobliteratedanddamagetolandshallbecorrectedandthelandshallberestoredasnearlyaspracticabletoitsoriginalconditionsbeforefinalacceptanceoftheWorks.TT:在最终工程验收前，承包商须消除车痕，修复对土地造成的伤害，尽可能恢复土地原状。Inthissentence,“acceptance”hasthegeneralmeaninginChineseas“接受”while“works”isusuallytranslatedas“工作”.However,thesetwowordshavespecialmeaningsinthefieldsofEngineeringas“验收”and“工程”inChineserespectively.Thetranslatorshouldchoosethecorrectmeaningtomakethetranslationfaithfultotheoriginaltextandensurethefidelity.So,thissentenceshouldbetranslatedintoChineseastheabove.17 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYExample(13)ST:Totalquantitiesofconcretepoured,fillmaterialsplaced,excavation,etc.duringthereportingperiod.TT:报告期内混凝土浇注、填料使用、开挖等的总量。InExample(13),attentionshouldbepaidto“concrete”.Indailylife,itmeans“specific”andcanbetranslatedas“具体的”inChinese.However,itcontainsaspecialmeaningas“混凝土”inEngineeringEnglish.Inthiscase,itcanonlybetranslatedintoChineseas“混凝土”.Otherwiseitfailstoconveythecorrectinformation,notuptothetargetofaccuracy.Sothedistinctionbetweengeneralandspecialwordsshouldbemadeclearintranslation.4.3CoherenceRuleattheSyntacticalLevelAtranslationcanberegardedassuccessfulwhenthereceiversconsiderthatitisfullycoherentandunderstandableintheircommunicativeenvironment.Underthiscircumstance,coherenceruleplaysanimportantrole.Itrequiresthatthetranslationshouldbeunderstandableandmeaningfulinthetargetcommunicationenvironmentandculture(Nida,2000).However,ChineseandEnglisharetwodifferentlinguisticsystemsandhavelotsofdifferencesinsuchaspectsaslexical,syntacticstructuresandexpressionmodes.Ifthetranslatoronlytranslatestheoriginaltextliterallyandmaintainsitsoriginalform,thetargettextwillquitelikelybeunreadablebythereceivers.Toachieveagoodtranslation,itisnecessaryfortranslatorstodifferentiatesyntacticaldifferencesbetweenEnglishcontractsandChinesecontracts.ThebiggestcharacteristicofEnglishcontractisthefrequentuseoflongandcomplicatedsentences.Longsentencescontainalargeamountofinformation,whichcanmakethestylemoresolemnandavoidambiguities(ChenJianping,2005:83).So,itiscommonthatoneparagraphisjustonesentenceinEnglishcontract.However,thingsaretotallydifferentinChinesecontract.Chinesesentenceisrelativelyshortandlooseanditsgrammaticalrelationisconstitutedbywordorderorpunctuation.So,18 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYwhentranslatingEnglishlongsentences,thetranslatoroftendividesthemintoshortsentencesthroughvariousmethods.Besides,theselongsentencesoftencontainanumberofclauses,phrasesandothermodifiers,whichgreatlyincreasethedifficultyoftranslation.InEnglishcontract,modifiersareoftenplacedafternominalgroupswhileinChinesecontractmodifiersareplacedbeforenominalgroups.Inaddition,prepositionalphrasesarehighlyusedinEnglishcontractasadverbials.Onthecontrary,verbphrasesenjoyhighfrequencyinChinesecontract.Thus,whendealingwithpropositionalphrasesinEnglishcontacts,thetranslatoroftentranslatesthemintoverbalphrasesinChinese.AnothernotablefeatureofEnglishcontractisthefrequentadoptionofpassivevoice.Comparedwiththeactivevoice,passivevoicedoesnotemphasizethesenderoftheactionandisnotsubjective,whichisinlinewiththesolemnandrigorousstyleofcontract(YangLianrui,2013:117).SothepassivesentenceiswidelyusedinEnglishcontract.Bycontrast,activevoicestandsoutmorethanpassivevoiceinChinesecontract.InordertoconformtotheChineseexpressionrules,passivevoiceinEnglishcontractisoftentranslatedintoactivevoice.Inthefollowingsection,theauthorwillexplorethefeasibletranslationmethodsatthesyntacticlevelundertheguidanceofcoherenceruleforthepurposeoffluencyandaccuracy.4.3.1LongSentencesLongsentenceisabigchallengeforthetranslatorwhendealingwithE-Ctranslationofconstructioncontract.Withtheguidanceofcoherencerule,thewritershouldmakethetranslationreadableandunderstandableasmuchaspossible.Thus,beforetranslation,thetranslatorshouldhaveacompleteandaccurateunderstandingoftheselongsentences.Then,consideringthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecontractsonsyntax,thetranslatorshouldadoptvariousmethodssuchassplittingthesentenceandadjustingthewordordertomakethetargettextsmoothandunderstandable.19 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORY(A)AdjustmentofSentenceOrderExample(14)ST:TheContractorshallsubmitas-builtdrawingsofthecompletedworks,three(3)clearlyprinteddrawingsone(1)inCD-ROM,totheEmployerbeforetheexpirationofDefectLiabilityPeriod.(within60daysafterreceivingthenoticeoffinalacceptance).TT:承包商应在缺陷责任期之前（在收到最终验收通知后60天内）向雇主提交三（3）份打印清晰的已竣工工程图纸和一（1）份存储在只读光盘内的已竣工工程图纸。Inthisexample,theauthoradjuststhesentenceorderbyputting“beforetheexpirationofDefectLiabilityPeriod.(within60daysafterreceivingthenoticeoffinalacceptance)”atthebeginningofthetranslation,whichfitstheChineseexpression.Example(15)ST:Ifitisnecessarytomakeanyrevisionstoadrawingand/ordocumentafterithasbeenreviewedand/orapproved,theContractorshallresubmitittotheEmployerbyloggedtransmittalsheetinthesamemannerasforanewdrawing.TT:如果有必要对经雇主审核和/或批准的图纸进行修改，承包商应以同种经记录的传送表格形式向雇主再次提交修改后的图纸和/或文件，并将其作为新图纸和/或文件。Inthesourcesentence,“afterithasbeenreviewedand/orapproved”isplacedattheendofthesentencewhichisatypicalEnglishexpression.Whentranslating,theauthorreplacesitsordertomakethetranslationmoresmooth.It’sworthmentioningthat“and/or”insourcesentenceistranslatedintoChineseas“和/或”.Thisprocessmakesthetranslationmoreaccurateandconsistentwiththeformalstyleofcontract.(B)DivisionandReconstructionofSentencesExample(16)ST:UponreceivingthewrittenordertoproceedunderSub-clause8.1(CommencementofWork),theContractorshallprepareandsubmitanInception20 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYReportcontainingtheconcept,designcriteria,approachandmethodologyetc.basedonthetechnicalspecificationsandotherrelevantdocumentsprovidedbytheEmployerwithin(two)2monthsfromthedateofsigningofthecontract.TT:接书面通知根据子条款8.1[开工]开始施工时，承包商应在合同签署之日起两（2）个月内准备并递交一份初期报告，说明根据技术规范及雇主提供的其它相关文件提出的构想、设计理念、步骤和方法等。Inthisexample,theauthorfirstlysplits“within(two)2monthsfromthedateofsigningofthecontract.”fromtheoriginalsentenceandrearrangesitatthebeginningofthetranslation.Thenspecialattentionshouldbepaidto“containing”.Asmentionedabove,Chinesecontractstendtouseverbs.Thus,theauthortranslatesitintoChineseas“说明”,whichconformstotheChineseexpression.Example(17)ST:TheContractorshallberesponsibledirectlytotheEmployerforanyexcessiveorunnecessarydamagetocropsorlandsresultingfromhisoperationswhetheronlandsadjacenttoright-of-wayoronapprovedaccessroadanddeductionswillbemadefrompaymentduetotheContractortocovertheamountofsuchexcessiveorunnecessarydamageasdeterminedbytheEmployer.TT:承包商由于其作业，对通行道路的临界土地或批准通行土地的农作物或土地造成过度或不必要的破坏时，承包商应直接对雇主承担责任。根据雇主决定的承包商造成的损害程度，相应的赔偿费用将从雇主付款中扣除。Inthisexample,suchtwoconjunctionsas“resultingfrom”and“as”playancriticalroleinsortingoutthelogicalrelationofthewholesentence.Afterfiguringouttherealmeaningoftheoriginalsentence,theauthorsplits“resultingfromhisoperationswhetheronlandsadjacenttoright-of-wayoronapprovedaccessroad”and“asdeterminedbytheEmployer”fromtheoriginalsentenceandreconstructsthestructurebyputtingthematthebeginningofthetranslation.Bysodoing,thetranslatedsentencehasaclearlogicrelationandcanbemoreunderstandablebyreceivers.21 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORY4.3.2PassiveVoiceModalverbsandpassivesentencesareintensivelyusedinEnglishcontracts,whichmakethecontractsobjective,impartial,accurateandprecise(HuYufeng,2007:193).Onthecontrary,Chinesecontractsseldomadoptpassivevoice.Consideringthisdifference,theauthorshouldtransferthepassivevoiceintoactivevoiceinE-Ccontracttranslationinordertoconformtothegrammaticalruleoftargetlanguage.Thereareseveralwaystotransferthepassivevoice.IntheprocessoftranslatingUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject,theauthorexploresthefollowingmethodstoachievedesiredeffects.(A)KeepingpassivevoiceunchangedInaE-Ctranslation,someChinesecharacterscanbeaddedbeforetheactioninitiator,suchas“由、经、被、受”,ect.toexpressthepassivemeaning.Example(18)ST:Trainingexpenses,lodging,travelinganddailyallowancesUS$150perdayshallbebornebythecontractor.TT:培训费用、住宿费、差旅费及USD$150的每日津贴均应由承包商承担。Example(19)ST:Thecontractorshallexecute,completeandmaintainalltheworksinstrictaccordancewiththeSpecificationsandDrawingsapprovedbytheemployerandshallfurnishallmanpower,materials,constructionequipmentandothernecessitiesrequiredforconstructionoftheWorksandtheirtemporaryworks.TT:承包商应严格根据本规范及经雇主批准的图纸执行、完成、维护所有工程项目，并为工程建造及其临时工程提供所需的所有人力、材料、施工设备和其他必要设施。Intheabovetwoexamples,passivevoiceisappliedtoemphasizetheobject.Inthetranslatedsentence,passivevoiceisreservedandtwoChinesecharacters“由”and“经”areaddedtoensurethecentralpositionoftheobjectinthetargetlanguage.(B)Convertingpassivevoiceintoactivevoicea.InEnglishcontracts,somepassivesentencesareusuallycomposedofsuch22 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYphraseas“by/through+n”.Inthiscase,thenounreferstotheactioninitiator.Whendealingwithsuchsentences,thenouncanbeconvertedintothesubjectinChinesesentence.Example(20)ST:Ifre-submissionofthedrawingsisrequiredbytheEmployer,theContractorshallre-submitthemafternecessarymodificationsandcorrectionssorequireduntiltheapprovaloftheEmployerisobtained.TT:雇主要求重新提交图纸时，承包商应根据要求在进行必要的修改之后再次提交图纸，直至获得雇主批准。Inthisexample,thepassivevoicesentenceisconstructedby“by+actioninitiator”.Inthiscase,theactioninitiatorcanbeconvertedintosubjectinChinese.AsXiaoYunshu(2001)pointsoutthatmakingtheactioninitiatorsasthesubjectswillmakethesentence’slogicrelationclear.b.TheadverbialinEnglishcontractscansometimesbeconvertedintosubjectinChinesecontractstoformanactivevoice.Example(21)ST:MainfeaturesontheworksareshowninTable1.TT:表1标明了工程的主要特征。Inthisexample,theadverbial“inTable1”istranslatedintothesubjectinChinesesentencewhiletheoriginalsubjectinsourcetextisconvertedintoobject.Thisprocessingmakesthetranslationmoreacceptablebytargetreaders.c.Whenthepartiesunderthecontractarenotinvolvedintheoriginalsentence,convertingthesubjectinEnglishsentenceintoobjectinChinesesentenceisagoodchoice.Example(22)ST:NoSpecifiedmeasurementshallbemadeforalltheworks.TT:所有工程不须都有特定的测量方式。Inthisexample,partiesofthecontractarenotmentioned.Thus,theauthordecidestotransferthesubjectinoriginalsentence“specificmeasurement”intothe23 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYobjectinChinesesentence,whichmakesthetranslationsmoothandcoherent.IntheE-Ctranslationofpassivevoice,theauthormakesendeavorstoconformtotheChineseexpressionforreadability.4.3.3ConditionalClausesAswrittendocuments,contractsindicaterightsandobligationsofparties.Whiletheimplementationofsuchrightsandobligationsusuallydependsonvariousconditions.Therightsandobligationscanbeimplementedonlyafterthoseconditionsaremet.Thus,conditionalclausesareintensivelyusedinEnglishcontracts.XuGuoxin(2002)putsitthatthereareusuallythreekindsofconditionalclauses.Theauthorchoosesseveralconditionalsentencesfromthetranslatedprojectforexplorationsoastoshowhowtohandlethemeffectively.(A)ConditionofsuppositionThiskindofconditionalclauseisusuallyledbysuchwordsas“if”,“incase”,“intheeventof/that”or“should”.Onlywhentheseconditionsaremetcantheobligationsandrightsofconcerningpartiesbecarriedout.Example(23)ST:Ifanyambiguity,discrepancyormistakeisfoundintheDrawings,thenthesameshallbereferredtotheEmployerbeforeproceedingwiththeworks,andtheEmployer"sdecisiononresolvingsuchambiguity,discrepancyormistakeshallbefinal.TT:若发现图纸存在任何模糊、矛盾或错误时，同样须在进行施工之前通过雇主批准并且雇主对解决这些模糊、矛盾或错误的决定应具有决定性。Thisexampleisatypicalconditionalofsuppositionledby“if”.Thefocusofthesentenceisplacedonthemainclause.InordertocomplywiththeChineseexpressionandemphasizethemainclause,theauthorplacestheconditionalclauseatthebeginningofthetranslation.“If”isjustsimplytranslatedas“若”inChinese.(B)ConditionofprerequisiteThiskindofconditionalclauseisoftenledby“provided(that)”.Onlywhen24 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYsatisfyingthispreconditioncanthemainclausebecomemeaningful.Example(24)ST:Theprocedureforthesubmission,reviewand/orapprovalofdrawingsanddocumentsshallbeunderstoodtobeasfollows,providedthattheEmployershallreservetherighttomakeanygeneralchangestosuchprocedureduringthecourseoftheworkswhentheEmployerdeemsnecessary.TT:图纸和文件提交、审查和/或批准的程序应按以下规定进行，但雇主应保留权利必要时在工作过程中对该程序作出任何一般性变更。Whendealingwithsuchclauses,attentionshouldbepaidtothesubordinateclausebecausethepragmaticfocusisoftenplacedonit.LiKexing(2008)putsforwardtwomainmethodsfortranslatingsuchaclause:a.Transformsuchaclauseintoacompoundsentenceandplaceitbehindthemainclause,adopttheChinesestructurelike“某方......但......”toconnectitwiththemainclause;b.ChangesuchclausesintoaconditionalclauseandusetheChinesestructurelike“在......条件下，......”.TheauthordecidestotranslatetheSTwiththefirstmethod,whichmakesthetranslationmoresimplifiedandclear.(C)ConditionofexceptionThecommonleadingwordsofthiskindofconditionalclauseare“unless(otherwise)”,“except”or“intheabsenceof”,whichisusedtoindicatethatinsomespecialcases,thepartyunderthecontractmaynotbesubjecttothetermsandconditionsofthecontract.Inpragmaticaspects,conditionalclausesofexceptionoftensupplementormodifythetermsofthecontract.Thus,whentranslatedintoChinese,theycanusuallyberegardedascompoundsentencesandplacedattheendofthetranslatedsentence.Example（25）ST:Allworkmanship,materialsandequipmentwhereapplicableandunlessotherwisestatedintheContractDocumentshallcomplyeither;TT:所有适用的工艺、材料、设备应符合下述任一标准，但合同中另有说明的除外。25 CASESTUDIESOFE-CTRANSLATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTOFUPPERTRISHULI3AHYDROELECTRICPROJECTBASEDONTHREERULESOFSKOPOSTHEORYInthisexample,“unlessotherwise......”isatypicalleadingwordoftheconditionalclauseofexceptionwhichmanifeststhatthefollowingsituationshouldberuledout.ZhaoDeyu(1998)putsitthatitcanbetranslatedintoChineseas“但......除外。”Theauthoradoptsthistranslation.Thefinaltranslationbecomesmoreclearandreadable.IntheE-CtranslationofconditionalsentencesoftheUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject,theauthormainlydividesthemintothreekindsandtranslatesthemintodifferentChineseexpressionsforsmoothnessandreadability.Inbrief,inthischaptertheauthorhasmadecasestudiesofE-CtranslationofconstructioncontractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProjectmainlyatthelexicalandsyntacticallevelsinaccordancewiththreerulesofSkopostheory.26 CONCLUSION5.CONCLUSIONThischaptergivesageneralreportonE-CtranslationofconstructioncontractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProjectbasedonthreerulesoftheSkopostheory.Intheprocessofsuchatranslationpractice,theauthorhaslearnedalottheoreticallyandpractically.Thistranslationpracticeisaten-dayE-CtranslationofconstructioncontractofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject.ThestrenuouseffortstheauthormadeareonhowtoattainthegoalbychoosingpropertranslationmethodsundertheguidanceofthreerulesofSkopostheory.Themajorfindingsofthisreportlieintwopoints.Firstly,fromthetheoreticalanalysis,theauthorfindsthattheSkopostheoryisfeasibletoguidetheE-Cconstructioncontracttranslation,whichhasbeenprovenveryinstructiveandeffectiveinthecaseanalysis.Secondly,theauthorfindsthathowtochoosethepropermethodintheE-CconstructioncontracttranslationundertheguidanceoftheSkopostheory.Forinstance,Skoposruleisregardedastheguidingruleandusedtohelptheauthorchoosetranslationmethodsingeneral.Inaccordancewithskoposrule,thetranslationpurposeofconstructioncontractisprimarilydiscussedbecauseitensuresthetranslatedqualityandenablesthecontractortoaccomplishthehydroelectricprojectsmoothlyandsuccessfully.Asuccessfulconstructioncontractshouldstipulatetherightsandobligationsofthepartiesclearly.Thus,theconstructioncontractshouldbetranslatedexactlyinconsistencewithitspurpose,namelytoachievetheaccuracy,formalityandreadabilityastheoriginalone.Keepingthispurposeinmind,whenevertheauthorselectsatranslationmethod,shewillmaintainthattheadoptionofthismethodmustfacilitatethesuccessofthishydroelectricproject.Besides,thefidelityruleisappliedtoguidethelexicaltranslation,includingthetranslationofarchaicwords,modalverbs,synonymsandtechnicalterms.Sincethetargettextshouldbefaithfultotheoriginalone,literaltranslationismainlyemployedwhendealingwiththeabovefoursituationssoastoachievetheaccuracyandcorrectnessintranslatedtext.Then,coherenceruleisadoptedtoguidethesyntacticaltranslation,which27 CONCLUSIONrequiresthatthetargettextmustbereadableandunderstandablebytherecipient.Thus,theauthoranalyzesthesyntacticaldifferencesbetweenEnglishcontractsandChinesecontracts.Accordingtothesedifferencesandundertheguidanceofcoherencerule,theauthorexploresthepracticablemethodsoftranslatinglongsentences,passivevoiceandconditionalclausesrespectivelytomakethetranslatedtextconformtotheChineseexpressionforreadabilityandfindsthattranslationskillscanbeusedflexiblyaccordingtodifferentcases,suchasadjustingsentenceorder,adoptingskillsofdivisionandreconstructionindealingwithlongsentences,convertingthepassivevoiceintoactivevoice,etc.Fromthetranslationpractice,theauthoralsogainssomeotherimportantinspirationsandsuggestionswhichareprimarilyasfollows:1)Constructioncontractnotonlyinvolvesknowledgeofengineeringbutalsocontainsfeaturesoflegaldocuments.Therefore,beforetranslatingsuchadocument,thetranslatormusthaveafullpreparationincludinganintimateunderstandingoftheoriginaltext,agoodcommandoftherelevantbackgroundinformationandknowledgeofthespecificfield.2)Asalegaldocument,theconstructioncontracthasaclearpurposethatstipulatestherightsandobligationsofconcerningpartiesforthesuccessoftheproject.So,whentranslatingsuchadocument,thetranslatormustputthepurposefirst.3)ThereexistobviousdifferencesbetweenEnglishconstructioncontractsandChineseconstructioncontracts.So,intheE-Ctranslation,thetranslatorshouldmakethetranslatedtextconformtotheChineseexpressionasmuchaspossibleforthesmoothnessandreadability.4)Atranslatorplaysanimportantroleandbearsgreatresponsibilitiesintranslationespeciallywhentranslatingcontracts.Withtheauthor’scarefultranslation,thehydroelectricprojectisprocessingsmoothlyandsuccessfully.Otherwise,thecontractwillfailtoprotecttheinterestsofbothpartiesandeconomiclosseswillbecaused.5)Theoreticallearningisofgreatimportance.Theproposedtranslationmethodswillbemorescientificandsystematicundertheguidanceoftheory.Inthistranslationproject,theSkopostheoryishighlyfeasibleandmakesthestudyscientificandconvincing.Undoubtedly,therestillexistsomelimitationsofthepractice.Firstly,thisreport28 CONCLUSIONtriestostudyE-Ccontracttranslationbasedona11424-wordtranslationprojectofUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject.Andonly25examplesareselectedforcasestudies,whichareinsufficientandincompletetogiveaholisticviewofthisproject.Andthetranslationmethodsexploredinthisprojectmaynotbefeasibletoallkindsofconstructioncontractssinceconstructioncontractscoveralotoffields.Secondly,theauthorputsforwardseveralmethodsfortranslatingconstructioncontractsonlywiththeguidanceoftheSkopostheory.Studiesofconstructioncontractfromotherperspectivesshouldbeconductedinthefuturetosupplementthestudy.29 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REFERENCES[35]朱骊.浅谈工程英语的特点与翻译[J].江西青年职业学院学报,2008(01):90.31 APPENDICESAPPENDICESAppendixATheSourceTextPART-VIEMPLOYER’SREQUIREMENTSSECTION-IGENERALPROJECTSPECIFICATIONS32 APPENDICESGENERALPROJECTSPECIFICATIONGENERALDESIGNOBLIGATIONSTheconceptuallayoutoftheplanthasbeendevelopedinthedetailprojectreport.Thedimensiongiveninthedetailprojectreportispurelyforreferencepurposeonly.TheEmployershallnotberesponsibleforanythingprovidedinthereportanddrawings.TheContractorshallcarryout,andberesponsiblefor,therequiredsurveyanddetaileddesignoftheprojecttothesatisfactionmentionedinthescopeofworkoftheEmployer’srequirement.Allthedesignshallconfirmtotheapplicationportionsofthestandardcodesmentionedinthespecification.TheContractorshallpreparethedesignasrequiredtoconfirmthefollowing:ItemFeaturesStatus1)PowerOutputMaximumCapacity2x30MW=60MW(atmaximumRequirementnethead)(60MWorlarger)2)DiversionWeirTypeGatedweirRequirement3DesignFlood2424m/sRequirementDischargeHighFloodWaterEL.872.15mRequirementLevelCrestElevationEL.861.50m(atgatedweirportion)SuggestionEL.870.50m(atungatedweirRequirementportion)GateRadialgate,4setsSuggestionClearspan11.60mxClearheight9.5SuggestionmFishPassageConcreteladderRequirement3Discharge:4m/sRequirementInclination:1:9Requirement(1:9orless)3)IntakeTypeSideintakeSuggestionSillElevationEL.866.50mSuggestionDeckElevationEL.874.80mSuggestionFullSupplyLevelEL.870.50mRequirementDimension24.40m(W)x8.30m(H)Suggestion3DesignDischarge51.00m/sRequirementTrashrackInclinedfixedtypesteeltrashrackRequirementClearspan6.40mxVerticalheightSuggestion7.30m33 APPENDICESTrashRakingMobiletyperakingmachinex1setRequirementMachineDegravelingPipeDiameter1.20mx2setsSuggestionGate:1.20m(W)x1.20m(H)x2SuggestionsetsIntakeGateVerticalslidegate,1setRequirementClearspan5.20mxClearheight5.00SuggestionmIntakeChannelLength147.50mx1laneSuggestionInnerwidth5.20mxInnerheightSuggestion4.95mSidespillway,1setRequirement4)DesanderBifurcationCanalLength58.00m,2lanesSuggestionVerticalslidegate:5.15m(W)x5.20Suggestionm(H),2setsExpansionLength34.00m,2lanesSuggestionTransitionDesanderSettling90%ofparticlesizeof0.2RequirementmmorlargerLength95.00mxInnerwidth32.50SuggestionmxDepth8.7m(active)3HeadpondCapacity:7,000mRequirement3Spillwaydischargecapacity:64m/sRequirementFlushingconduit:58.00m(L)x1.00Suggestionm(W)x2.00m(H)Verticalliftgate:1.00m(W)x2.00Suggestionm(H)5)HeadraceTunnelTypepressuretunnelwithconcreteliningRequirementand/orshotcreteliningInnerDiameter5.40matconcreteliningsection,andSuggestion5.90matshotcreteliningsectionLength4,095mSuggestionInternalDesign18mSuggestionHead6)SurgeShaftTypeRestrictedorificeSuggestionInnerDiameterShaft:17.00m,Orifice:3.00mSuggestion34 APPENDICESHeight37.70mSuggestion7)InclinedShaft&PressureTunnelType1lane:mainpipe,2lanes:branchRequirementpipeRequirementConcreteembeddedtypeweldedsteelliningInnerDiameter4mbeforebifurcation~2.00mafterSuggestionbifurcationLengthApprox.186+86.5mSuggestionInternalDesign162mSuggestionHeadValveChamberDimension:14m(L)x5m(W)x7.5Suggestionm(H)Valve:butterflytypeSuggestion8)PowerhouseTypeUndergroundRequirementDimension42.6m(L)x14.0m(W)x30.2m(H)SuggestionOverheadTraveling1mainhoistand1auxiliaryhoistRequirementCraneCapacity:mainhoist100tons,Suggestionauxiliaryhoist10tonsDraftGateSlidegate,Gateleaf:2setsRequirementClearspan5.20mxClearheight2.40Suggestionm9)TurbineTypeVerticalshaftFrancisturbineRequirementNumberofUnit2unitsRequirementTurbineOutput/31.2MWSuggestionUnitEfficiencyfor93%RequirementTurbine(Rated)(93%orlarger)Weightedaverage87%RequirementEfficiencyforTurbine(87%orlarger)NetHead133.4mto138.49mSuggestion3TurbineDischarge/25.5m/sRequirementUnit3TurbineMinimum18m/sRequirement3OperationalDischarge/(18m/sorsmaller)Unit-1RatedSpeed428minSuggestionClosingTime7secRequirement35 APPENDICES10)GeneratorType3-phasesynchronousalternatorofRequirementverticalshaftNumberofUnit2unitsRequirementMaximumCapacity36MVARequirement/Unit(36MVAorlarger)Minimum97%RequirementEfficiencyforGenerator(97%orlarger)RatedVoltage11KVSuggestionRatedFrequency50HzRequirementRatedPowerFactor0.85laggingRequirement11)MainTransformerTypeSinglephase,outdoorandRequirementoil-immersedinsulationNumberofUnit7unitsRequirementMaximumCapacity12MVARequirement/Unit(12MVAorlarger)WeightedAverage99%RequirementEfficiencyforMain(99%orlarger)TransformerRatedVoltageHighvoltageside:132KVRequirementLowvoltageside:11KVSuggestionConnectionHighvoltageside:StarRequirementLowvoltageside:DeltaRequirementRatedFrequency50HzRequirement12)TailraceTunnel2lanes:25m(L)x6.2m(D)x5.0mSuggestion(H)Suggestion1lane:115m(L)x6.2m(D)x5.0m(H)Transition1lane:13m(L),Slidegate:2xSuggestionclearspan4.0mxclearheight4.0mTailraceWaterEL.726.00m(atthemaximumRequirementLeveldischargeof2units)3PondCapacity:8,260mRequirementOutletgate:3xclearspan5.35mxSuggestionclearheight2.0mIntakegateandstoplogforUT-3B:Suggestionclearspan5mxclearheight5m13)Switchyard36 APPENDICESType132kVGISRequirementOutgoing220kVDoubleCircuitBison48kminseparateLotTransmissionlinetoMatatirthaS/SGISControlTwostoriedbuildingtoaccommodateRequirementBuildingGISandancillaryequipmentasshowninreferenceDrawing.14)AccessRoad&BridgeRoadNearly2.3kmnewroadand11.5kmRequirementupgrading,Maintenance,Bridge1steelbridge55mspan,Requirement1pedestrianbridge100m,SuggestionMaintenance15)HeadworksControl&ServicesBuildingAsshowninreferencedrawingwithRequirementallequipment16)MedicalPost24bedcapacityabout66mRequirement17)DieselGeneratorset300kVAatpowerhouseareaSuggestion100kVAatheadworksarea18)Vehicles4nos.of4doorPickupJeepsRequirementofengineabove2600CC,2nos.of4doorJeepwith7seats,1no.Minibuswithatleast15seats,1no.FlatbedTruck7ton19)PermanentCampforEmployer/EngineerBuildingswithatotalareaof4952Requirementsq.m.,Serviceroad,Watersupply&Sewerage,Retainingwall,Boundarywall,RockTrap,Landscaping,Communicationfacility,furnishingThecontractorshallpreparethedesign,supplyandinstalledasrequiredtoconfirmthewaterconveyancestructurewithpropernetheadanddischargeatthepowerhouse,includingallnecessaryauxiliaryworksrequiredtooperatetheplantandtogenerate60MWofPowerundernormalcircumstance.Measurement&PaymentNoSpecifiedmeasurementshallbemadeforalltheworks.Thecontractorshallberesponsibleforcompletionofworkwiththeguaranteednetheadatpowerplanttoconfirmthegenerationof60MWinstalledcapacityastotheinternationalstandard,specification,and37 APPENDICESemployerrequirementwithoutanyproblemtoEmployer.Failuretoperformtherequiredqualityandpassthroughtestforcompletion,thecontractorissubjecttoliquidateddamageasspecifiedintheothersectionofthecontract.38 APPENDICESPART–VIEMPLOYER’SREQUIREMENTSECTION-IGENERALSPECIFICATIONS(CIVILWORKS)39 APPENDICESGENERALSPECIFICATIONS(CIVILWORKS)1.DescriptionoftheProjectThedescriptionoftheProjectisprovidedintenderdocumentPartIVProjectdescriptionandgeneralinformation.2.ScopeoftheContract2.1CivilWorksTheCivilWorkstobecompletedundertheContractare(a)PreliminaryWorks(accessroad,bridge,watersupply,constructionpower,contractor’scamp,andtelecommunication)(b)RiverDiversion(c)ConstructionofHeadworks(d)ConstructionofIntakeandIntakechannel(e)ConstructionofDesandingBasin&flushingstructures(f)ConstructionofHeadpond(g)ConstructionofAditTunnelandaccesstunnel(h)ConstructionofHeadraceTunnel(i)ConstructionofSurgeShaftandValvechamber(j)ConstructionofInclinedshaft&Pressuretunnel(k)ConstructionofundergroundPowerhouse&Switchyard(l)ConstructionofTailraceandTailracepondMainfeaturesontheworksareshowninTable1.(Salientfeaturesofproject)Thecontractorshallexecute,completeandmaintainalltheworksinstrictaccordancewiththeSpecificationsandDrawingsapprovedbytheemployerandshallfurnishallmanpower,materials,constructionequipmentandothernecessitiesrequiredforconstructionoftheWorksandtheirtemporaryworks.2.2ConstructionScheduleAwholeconstructionperiodoftheentirecivilworksshallbe35monthsorlessscheduledfromthedateofEmployerordertocommencethework.(immediatelyaftersigningofcontract)3.Drawings3.1ReferenceDrawingsThedrawingsof33sheetsintotalareattachedtothisTenderDocumentsasvolumeIIforreference.ThelistofReferenceDrawingsisshowninTable2.40 APPENDICES3.2Design&DrawingstobesubmittedbytheContractorUponreceivingthewrittenordertoproceedunderSub-clause8.1(CommencementofWork)theContractshallprepareandsubmitanInceptionReportcontainingtheconcept,designcriteria,approachandmethodologyetc.basedonthetechnicalspecificationsandotherrelevantdocumentsprovidedbytheEmployerwithin(two)2monthsfromthedateofsigningofthecontract.FollowingtheapprovaloftheInceptionReport,theContractorshallathisownexpensedothedetaildesignworkandprepareDesignReportincludingconstructiondrawingsasnecessaryforperformanceofallpermanentandtemporaryworkswithin3(three)monthsfromthedateofapprovaloftheInceptionReport.Thisreportshouldbeaccompaniedbydetailcalculationincludingdesignphilosophy,alljointdetails,Reinforcementdetails,referencesetc.andshouldbesubmittedtotheEmployerforapproval.BasedontheConstructiondrawings,theContractorshallathisownexpenseprepareWorkingDrawingsandshallsubmittotheEmployerforapproval.ShouldtheEmployerdirectthatmodificationsbemadeinordertosatisfytherequirementofthespecification,theContractorshallsubmitmodifiedConstructiondrawings/Workingdrawings.ApprovalofdesigndrawingsatanystageofthecontractperiodbyEmployershallinnowayrelievetheContractorofhisobligationtosatisfytherequirementofthecontractand/ortheresponsibilityoftheContractortobearallthecost&risksassociatedwiththedesign&construction.TheContractorshallscrutinizesuchDrawingsandsuchfurtherdrawingsissuedfromtimetotime.Ifanyambiguity,discrepancyormistakeisfoundintheDrawings,thenthesameshallbereferredtotheEmployerbeforeproceedingwiththeworks,andtheEmployer"sdecisiononresolvingsuchambiguity,discrepancyormistakeshallbefinal.UnlessotherwisestatedintheContract,theContractorshalldesignandprepareworkingdrawingsforallandPermanentWorkstobeconstructedbyorsuppliedandinstalledbytheContractororhissub-contractorwithin150daysafterreceivingthenoticeofcontractaward.Howeverpreparatoryworkslikebridge,accessroad,adittunnelsneedtobestartedwithin4monthofcontractaward.TheEmployerwillcheckorreviewthedrawingssubmittedbytheContractorandwillreturnthemwithcommentsorapprovalwithinthirty(30)daysfromthedateofsubmissionbytheContractor.Ifre-submissionofthedrawingsisrequiredbytheEmployer,theContractorshallre-submitthemafternecessarymodificationsandcorrectionssorequireduntiltheapprovaloftheEmployerisobtained.ItisthereforetheContractor"sadvantagetoprepareandsubmitthedrawingsinwelladvanceoftheexecutionoftheworksrelevanttothedrawings.Thecontractorshallundertakepreparatoryworkslikeaccessroad,bridge,tunneladit,constructionpoweretc.onaprioritybasisandshallsubmitdesignofsuchstructurestotheEmployerforpriorapproval.3.3As-BuiltDrawings41 APPENDICESTheContractorshallsubmitas-builtdrawingsofthecompletedworks,three(3)clearlyprinteddrawingsone(1)inCD-ROM,totheEmployerbeforetheexpirationofDefectLiabilityPeriod.(within60daysafterreceivingthenoticeoffinalacceptance)Theas-builtdrawingsshallclearlyshowthelinesanddimensionsofthepermanentstructures/equipmentactuallymadebasedonthechangeofdesignfromtimetotimeorderedbytheEmployerorproposedbytheContractorandapprovedbytheEmployer.3.4TechnologyTransferTen(10)CivilEngineersintotalofNEAwillparticipateintrainingfortransferoftechnologyatthecontractor"shomecountryorabroadfor15dayseachforeveryEngineer.Trainingexpenses,lodging,travelinganddailyallowancesUS$150perdayshallbebornebythecontractor.DuringtrainingNEAengineersshallbeintroducedtothelatesttechnologyrelatedtothesimilarkindofworksunderthecontract.Allnecessaryexpensesforsuchservicesshallbedeemedtobeincludedinthebid.3.5SubmissionandRevieworApprovalofContractor"sDrawingsandDocumentsTheContractorshallexceptspecificallynotedelsewhereintheContract,submithisdrawingsanddocumentstotheEmployerforrevieworapprovalatleastsixty(60)calendardayspriortotheexecutionoftheworksconcernedwiththesaiddrawingsanddocuments.ShopdrawingsfortheitemswhichmaybefabricatedoutsideofNepalandshippedtotheSiteshallbesubmittedonehundredtwenty(120)dayspriortoshipmentoftheitemsfortheapprovaloftheEmployer.Theprocedureforthesubmission,reviewand/orapprovalofdrawingsanddocumentsshallbeunderstoodtobeasfollows,providedthattheEmployershallreservetherighttomakeanygeneralchangestosuchprocedureduringthecourseoftheworkswhentheEmployerdeemsnecessary.(1)WhentheContractorisreadytohavetheEmployerreviewand/orapprovecertaindrawingsanddocuments,heshallsubmitthree(3)copiesofclearlyreadableblueprint(Autocad)copiesofeachdrawinganddocumentbymeansofstandardtransmittalsheettowhichalog(control)numberhasbeenassigned.TheformatofthetransmittalsheetwillbeapprovedbytheEmployer.Withinthirty(30)daysafterreceivingtheprintsofthedrawingsanddocumentssubmittedbythecontractor,theEmployerwillreturnonecopymarkedwithoneofthefollowingclassifications,dependinguponwhetherthedrawingsanddocumentsaretobe"approved"or"reviewed".ClassificationsofDrawingsandDocumentsforReview/Approval:(a)"APPROVED"(b)"APPROVEDEXCEPTASNOTED"(c)"RETURNEDFORCORRECTIONS"(d)"NOTAPPROVED"(2)Uponreceiptofanydrawingsanddocumentswhichhavebeenmarkedasshown42 APPENDICESin(1)(a)&(1)(b)above,theContractorwillbeauthorizedtoproceedtotheworkcoveredbysuchdrawingsanddocumentswhichmaybesubjecttomakinganycorrection(s)ifindicatedthereonbytheEmployer;providedthatheshallfirstsubmitfour(4)blueprintsofeachdrawinganddocumentwithcorrectionifany,totheEmployer.CopiesofallapprovedrespectivedrawingsshallbemaintainedattheContractor"srespectivesiteoffice.(3)Whenthereturneddrawingsanddocumentshavebeenmarkedasshownin(1)(c)above,theContractorshallmakethenecessarycorrectionsand/orrevisionstothedrawingsanddocumentsinatimelymannerandshallresubmitthree(3)copiesofdrawingtotheEmployerbyloggedtransmittalsheetinthesamemanner.Whenthereturneddrawingsanddocumentshavebeenre-submittedforapproval,theEmployerwilltrytocompletehisreviewand/orapprovalofthedrawingsanddocumentswithinfifteen(15)workingdays;however,thiswilldependonthenumberandcomplexityofthecorrections/revisionswhichhavetobechecked.Thisprocedurewillcontinueuntilthedrawingsanddocumentshaveeventuallybeenmarkedasshownin(1)(a)&(1)(b)above,atwhichtimetheywillbecomeapartoftheContractDocument.NoconcreteforpermanentworkcanbepoureduntiltheapplicabledrawingsanddocumentshavebeenapprovedbytheEmployer.Priortomakingthepour,ajointinspectionwillberequiredbytheEmployer"sRepresentativeandtheContractor"sRepresentativetoensurethattheapproveddrawing(s)anddocumentsandappropriatespecificationshavebeenfullycompliedwith.Anydiscrepanciesordeficienciessodiscoveredshallbecorrectedbeforetheconcretepouring.Ifitisnecessarytomakeanyrevisionstoadrawingand/ordocumentafterithasbeenreviewedand/orapproved,theContractorshallresubmitittotheEmployerbyloggedtransmittalsheetinthesamemannerasforanewdrawing.TheEmployerreservestherighttorequestthattheContractorshalladddetailsandmakeanychangesormodificationstothedrawingsand/ordocumentswhicharenecessarytoconformtotheprovisionsandintentofthespecifications,andtheContractorshalldosowithoutextracost.AnyworkdonepriortotheEmployer"sapprovalofdrawingsand/ordocumentsshallbeattheContractor"srisk.ApprovalbytheEmployertotheContractor"sdrawingsand/ordocumentsshallnotrelievetheContractorofhisobligationssuchastheresponsibilityforcomplyingwithalltherequirementsoftheSpecifications,thecorrectnessofhisdrawingsanddocuments,fortheadequacyofthemethodofconstruction,etc.Withinthirty(30)daysafterthereceiptoftheCompletionCertificate,theContractorshallfurnishtotheEmployeronesetofallapproveddrawingsanddocumentswhichhavebeenclearlyrevisedandbroughtuptodatetoshowthepermanentconstructionactuallymadeinsuchamannerthatthesetofdrawingsanddocumentsfortheemployershallbeofhighqualityreproduciblepolyestertransparent"Mylar"film(orsimilarmaterial)fromwhichclearcopiescanbemadewhereasthesetofdrawingsfortheEmployershallbeofmicrofilm.Also,oneboundseteachofAs-builtapprovedblue-printeddrawingsshallbesubmittedtotheEmployer.43 APPENDICES4.RighttochangeDesignandDrawingsWhenadditionalinformationregardingfoundationorotherconditionsbecomeavailableasaresultofexcavationworkandfurthertesting,anditisfounddesirabletomakeminorchangesinthealignment,crosssections,dimensionsordesignoftheembankmentorrelatedstructurestoconformtosuchconditions,theEmployerreservestherighttomakethenecessaryordesirablechanges,insuchchangeswhichmightoccurafterContractshallbedeemedtobeincludedinthebidprice.5.TransportationfacilitiesThecontractorshallinvestigatetheavailabilityoftransportationfacilitiesandshallmakeallarrangementforthedeliveryofmaterialstobeusedontheworks.Thecontractorshallmakehisowninvestigationsontheconditionofavailablepublicroads,accessrightsofway,bridgeloadlimits,andrestrictionsandlimitationsaffectingtransportationandingress.Thecontractorshalluseeveryreasonablemeanstoensurethatallloadinglimitsandotherlimitationsonloads,bridge,etc,areobserved,andintheeventofitbeingnecessarytomoveanyextraordinaryloadofequipmentorpre-constructionunitorpartoftheWorkthecontractorshallobtainallnecessarypermitsandapprovalsfromanyauthoritiesandcomplywithallotherlawfulrequirementsbeforemovingsuchextraordinaryload,TheContractorshallabidebyalllimitations,lawsandregulationsrelatingtotheuseofpublictransportationroutes.HeshallmakeanynecessaryrepairorreplacementsasthecasemaybetoanystructureontheroutewhichisdamagedbytheContractorasaresultofhisownnegligence.SuchrepairorreplacementshallbesatisfactorytotheEmployerortheappropriategovernmentauthorities.Thelimitationsonnationalroadshipmentsvaryaccordingtotheconditionsoftheroad,bridges.Itshallbethecontractor"sresponsibilitytobeinformedofthelimitationsonallroadshipments.6.BenchMarkNetworkThelevelsanddimensionshowninthereferenceDrawingsarepresentedinmeterormillimeterandrelatedtotheBenchMarkNetworkestablishedbytheUpperTrishuli3AHydroelectricProject.ThebenchmarksareshownintheGeneralPlan&ProfileincorporatedintheDrawings.ThereferencedataonthebenchmarkswillbedeliveredtotheContractoratthetimeofissueofNoticetoProceed.However,theContractorshallcheckandverifythebenchmarksreferringtotheoriginalbenchmarkbeforeusingthemforsettingouttheworkssuchaswaterwayalignment,locationanderectionofstructures,etc.7.Setting-OutoftheWorksTheContractorshallberesponsibleforsettingofstructureandembankmentcenter-lines,cross-sectionsontheground,andpositionofthestructuresinaccordancewiththeDrawings,44 APPENDICESandanyothersettingoutworknecessaryfortheexecutionoftheWorks.Thecheckingofthesetting-outoftheWorksbytheEmployershallnotrelievetheContractorofanyofhisliabilitiesorresponsibilitiesundertheContract.Thedemarcationofright-of-wayandallnecessarypreparationconnectedwithitwillbecarriedoutbytheEmployer.8.AssistancetotheEmployerThecontractorshallrenderallnecessaryassistancetotheEmployerandshallprovideandmaintainsufficientquantitiesofpegs,poles,paints,surveyequipmentandtools，straightedges,staging,moulds,templates,profilesandallotherrequisitesforcheckingtheContractor"ssetting-outandthemeasurementoftheWorks.TheContractorshallprovidesuchmanyfulltimeorparttimesurveyorsasmayberequired.Thecostofalllabors,surveyequipmentandtools,andmaterialsrequiredbytheEmployerforcheckingthesetting-outandthemeasurementoftheWorksshallbecoveredbytheContractor"sexpense.9.StandardandSupplementalSpecification(A)Allworkmanship,materialsandequipmentwhereapplicableandunlessotherwisestatedintheContractDocumentshallcomplyeither;(a)WiththerelevantAmerican,British,German,Japanese,Indian,ChineseandNepalStandardorCodeofPracticecurrentonthedatafixedforreceiptoftenders,or(b)WithotherstandardsorCodesofPracticeproposedbytheContractoratthetimeoftendering,providedthatthoseStandardsorcodesofPracticeareequivalentorsuperiortotherelevantAmerican,BritishGerman,Japanese,ChineseandIndiaStandardorCodeofPractice.(B)TheacceptanceofatenderbaseduponaStandardorCodeofPracticeproposedbytheContractorshallonlysignifytheEmployer"sgeneralapprovaltotheuseofsuchStandardorCodeofPractice,andshallnotmaketheEmployerliabletoacceptastandardofworkmanshipsubsequentlyfoundtobeinferiortothecorrespondingAmerican,British,German,Japanese,Chinese,IndianandNepalStandardorCodeofPractice.(C)WheretherelevantstandardareprovidedforthefurnishingofcertificatetotheEmployerattheirrequest,statingthatthematerialssuppliedcomplyinallrespectswiththestandard,theContractorshallobtainthecertificateandforwardittotheEmployer.Ifnostandardisindicated,thentherelevantAmerican,British,German,Japanese,Indian,ChineseandNepalStandardshallbeapplied.(D)Whereverreferenceismadetothesedocumentstocertainstandardspecificationsthereferenceshallunlessspecificallystatedbyconstruedtomeanthestandards,withallsubsequentamendments,changesoradditionsasthereafteradoptedandpublishedthatareineffectonthedateofissueoftheTenderDocuments.45 APPENDICES(E)Wheneverinthesedocumentsreferencesaremadeofparticularreferencestandardsorabbreviationsthereoftheirmeaningshallbeaslistedbelowandcopiesofsuchstandardsmaybeobtainedatthecontractor"sexpensefromtheparticularorganizationattheaddress,whichissubjecttobeconfirmed,given;AASHTOAmericanAssociationofStateHighwayandtransportationOfficialsSuite341NationalPressBuilding,Washington,D.C.2004USAACIAmericanConcreteInstituteP.OBox4754RedfordStation,Detroit,MI48219,USA.AISCAmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction101parkAvenue,NewYork,NY100017,USAASTMAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials1916RaceSt.,PhiladelphiaPA19103,USA.AWWAAmericanWaterWorksAssociation6666WestQuincyAve.Denver,Colorado80235,USA.BSIBritishStandardsInstitution101PantonvilleRoadLondonN19ND,EnglandDINDeutuscheIndustriesNorm(GermanIndustryStandard)DNADeutscheNormenausschussBeuth-Vertroeb,Berlin30Koln,FederalRepublicofGermanyISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardization1Ruedeveremble,Goveva,SwitzerlandJISJapaneseIndustrialStandard46 APPENDICESTokyo,JapanNSNepalStandardU.S.FedUnitedStatedFederalSpecificationsSpec.Sales(3FRI)Building197,WashingtonNavyYardGeneralServicesAdministrationWashington,D.C20407,USAUSBRUnitedStatesBureauofReclamationSuperintendentofDocumentsU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeWashington,D.C.20402,USA.10.ConstructionProgramWithinFourteen(14)daysfromthedateofEmployer"sNoticetoProceedtheContractorshallsubmittotheEmployerforapprovalacompleteandpracticableconstructionprogramshowingtheorderlyperformanceoftheWorks.TheConstructionprogramshallshowindetailtheproposedprogramofoperations,includingpurchaseanddeliveryofmaterialsaswellastheconstruction.TheconstructionprogramshallshowinabargraphwithmonthseachitemoftheWorksandtheTemporaryWorksonseparatehorizontallines,sequenceofoperationandforcompletionoftheWorks.TheconstructionprogramshallwhenapprovedbytheEmployerbereferredtoasthecontractualconstructionprogramandbecomeapartoftheContract.Thecontractualconstructionprogramshallberevisedatintervalsofnotmorethantwo(2)months,andinadditiontheContractorshallimmediatelyadvicetheEmployerofanyproposedchangesinsuchconstructionprogram.IftheContractorpreparessuchprogrambytheCriticalPathMethodNetwork(CPMNetwork)orbyasimilartypeofconstructionschedulingheshallsubmitsuchscheduleasasupplementtothebargraphprogramspecifiedabove.Theconstructionprogramandtherevisedconstructionprogramshallincludeascheduleofanticipatedmonthlyearningsduringtheconstructionperiod.11.ReportsandDataoftheWorks11.1MonthlyReportTheContractorshallfurnishreporttotheEmployerathisowncostatregularmonthlyintervalandinaformand3numberofcopiestoEmployerand2numberofcopiestoEngineerwiththefollowings;(1)Physicalprogressfortheprecedingmonthandestimatedprogressforthereport47 APPENDICESmonth;(2)Completionschedule(targetandactual)basedontheapprovedconstructionprogramasprovidedinClause14oftheconditionsofContract;(3)Estimatedexpendituresforthereportmonth;(4)Atabulationofconstructionalequipment,listingthemajoritemsandpiecesofequipmentcomprisingtheConstructionalPlantWhichwereutilizedforperformanceoftheWorksduringtheprecedingmonth;(5)Atabulationofemployees,showingthesupervisorystaffandthenumbersoftheseveralclassesoflaboreremployedbytheContractorintheprecedingmonth;(6)PurchasingandexpendingreportcoveringallmaterialsfurnishedbythecontractorfortheWorks;and(7)AnyreportwhichmaybespecificallyrequestedbytheEmployer.(8)Totalquantitiesofconcretepoured,fillmaterialsplaced,excavation,etc.duringthereportingperiod.(9)Mainitemsoftemporaryfacilitiesconstructedduringthereportingperiod.(10)Astatementdetailingthestatusofprogressontheoverallprogramandhowtoregainanylosttimeorset-backswhichmayhaveoccurred.(11)Alistingofdeadlined(inoperable)equipment,actionbeingtakentogetitbackinoperationandtheestimateddatefortherepairswillbecompleted.(12)Astatementaboutlabourrelationsandanexplanationofanyactualorpotentialproblems.(13)Alistingofeachaccidentinvolvingthehospitalizationand/ordeathofanyperson.(14)Astatementconcerningtheeffectivenessofthesecurityprogramandalistingofanymajorthefts.(15)Alistingoftheamountanddateofeachpaymentreceivedasofthereportingperiodandtheamountofanymonthlyinvoicewhichhasbeensubmittedbutnotyetpaid.(16)Alistofclaims(ifany)submittedduringthereportingperiodtoincludeclaimamountsoncostandextensionoftime.(17)Astatementconcerningforeseeableproblemareasandrecommendationsabouthowtheyshouldberesolved.11.2WeeklyReportTheContractorshallprepareweeklyorperiodicalreportstoeachworksectionandinaformapprovedbytheEmployerandsubmitin3copies.Thereportshallcontain,butnotlimitedto,thefollowingdata;Weatherconditions,staffandlaborforceemployedontheWork,materialsonSite,materialsonorder,workonprogress,workinoperation,laboratorytestdata,accidents,andallotherinformationrelevanttotheprogressoftheWorks.11.3PhotographsTheContractorshallmakeallarrangementstoprovidephotographsincludingCDin48 APPENDICESalbumsbutnotpasted,showingtheworkprogressandshallpromptlysupplyfour(4)copiesofsuitablyinscribed,largerthan8cmx12cminsize,ofsuchportionsoftheworksinprogressandcompleteasmaybedirectedbytheEmployer.Eachprintshallcontainuponitsbackthedateandtitleoftheviewtaken.ThedigitalfileofthephotographsshallbepropertyoftheEmployerandnoprintsfromthesefilesmaybesuppliedtoanypersonswithouttheapprovaloftheEmployer.11.4AuditsbytheEmployerInadditiontotheabove,theEmployershallbeentitledatitsdirectiontoconductauditsinrespectto:(1)CostsincurredintheeventofterminationasprovidedinClauses15.5oftheConditionsofContract;and(2)AnyothercoststhattheContractormaybeclaimedfromtheEmployerandwhicharenotspecificallycoveredbythetermsofthisContract.Thecontractorisobligedtokeepaccurateup-to-dateaccountingwithrecordsconcerningtheaboveitems.12.ProtectionofRealEstatebyRight-of-wayThecontractorshallcontrolthemovementofhiscrewsandequipmentonright-of-wayincludingaccessroutesapprovedbytheEmployersoastominimizedamagetocropsandpropertyandshallendeavortoavoidmarringthelands.RutsandscarsshallbeobliteratedanddamagetolandshallbecorrectedandthelandshallberestoredasnearlyaspracticabletoitsoriginalconditionsbeforefinalacceptanceoftheWorks.TheContractorshallberesponsibledirectlytotheEmployerforanyexcessiveorunnecessarydamagetocropsorlandsresultingfromhisoperationswhetheronlandsadjacenttoright-of-wayoronapprovedaccessroadanddeductionswillbemadefrompaymentduetotheContractorcovertheamountofsuchexcessiveorunnecessarydamageasdeterminedbytheEmployer.13.SafetyMeasuresandPublicConvenience(A)Thecontractorshallprovidenecessaryprotectionforallpersonsandprotectionsatalltimes.TheContractorshallcomplywiththerecommendationsforsafeconstructionmethodsspecifiedinthesafetymanualacceptabletotheEmployer,totheextentthatsuchprovisionsdonotconflictwiththeapplicablelaws.TheContractorshalltakeallnecessarymeasurestoprotecttheworkandpreventaccidentsduringtheconstruction.Heshallprovideandmaintainsufficientnightlights,barricades,guards,temporarysidewalks,temporarybridges,dangersignals,watchmenandnecessaryalliancesandsafeguardstoproperlyprotectlifeandproperty.Heshallalsoprotectallexcavations,equipmentandmaterialssothatthepublicwillnotbeendangered.(B)Thecontractorshallconducthisoperationssoastogivetheleastpossible49 APPENDICESobstructionandinconveniencetotraffic.Whereexistingstreetsorfootpathsarenotavailablefordetours,trafficshallbepermittedtopassthroughtheworkwithaslittledelayandinconvenienceaspossible,unlessotherwiseauthorizedbytheEmployer.(C)TheContractorshallberesponsibletoalldamageorinjuryinanypropertyoftheContractororhisemployeeswhichmaybecausedbytrespassinthecourseoftheiremployment.(D)TheContractorshalltakeeveryprecautionstopreventfireoccurringonorabouttheSite.TheContractorshallcomplywiththelawsandregulationsrelatingtofiresandwiththeinstructionsoftheEmployerwithrespecttothepreventionoffires.TheContractorshallfightdiligentlyanyfirewhichoccursontheSite,whereverthefireoriginates.TheContractorshallemployallrequisiteequipmentandmanpowerforfirefightinguptothelimitofhisequipmentandmanpoweremployedattheSite,includingtheequipmentandmanpowerofhissub-contractors.14.TemporaryFencingIfandwhererequiredtheContractorshallerectandmaintainsuitableandapprovedtemporaryfencingtoenclosesuchareasoftheworksandareasoflandoccupiedbytheContractorwithintheSiteasmaybenecessarytoimplementhisobligationsunderClause19and20oftheConditionsofcontract.Wheretemporaryoffencinghastobeerectedalongsideapublicroad,foot-path,etc,itshallbeofthetyperequiredbyandshallbeerectedtothesatisfactionoftheauthorityconcerned.15.NoticeBoardTheContractorshallerectanoticeboardorasizeofnotlessthan2mby3matworksite.ThenoticeboardshallbepaintedandthedescriptionshallbeapprovedbyEmployer.Theboardistobeerectedatasuitableplacepriortothecommencementofthework.Theboardshallbeerectedagainifitisdamagedortakenaway.16.CleanUptheSiteUponcompletionoftheWorksandpriortofinalacceptancebytheEmployerthecontractorshallremovefromSiteallplantandequipment,tools,rubbish,concreteforms,boulders,bricksandothermaterialsnotincorporatedinthepermanentworks.17.MedicalSupportFacilitiesTheContractorshallmakehisownarrangementsfortreatmentofcasualtiesontheSiteinmedicalfacilitiesestablishedbythecontractor.TheContractorshallincludeappropriatesumtocovertheconstruction,operation&managementofsuchfacilitiesincludingmedicalevacuationbyambulanceofinjuredorsickemployeestohospitalsinTrishuliorKathmandu.ThemedicalsupportfacilityshallcovertheEmployer"spersonnelaswellastheContractor"sownpersonnelandlocalpeople.50 APPENDICES18.Contractor"sTemporaryFacilitiesTheContractorshallberesponsibleforacquiringthelandhedeemsnecessaryforsuchtemporaryfacilitiesashisoffices,stores,warehouse,motorpool,laboratory,workshop,repairshop,fuelandlubricantservicefacilitiesandequipment,staffquartersandlaborcamp.TheContractorshallbealsoresponsibleforconstruction,maintenance,operationand,subsequentremovalofsuchtemporaryfacilitiesincludingaccommodation.TheContractorshallsubmitforapprovaloftheEmployerwithinsixty(60)daysfromthedateofEmployer"sNoticetoProceedhisdetailedplanand/orconstructiondrawingsofsuchtemporaryfacilitiesthatheproposestoconstructorrent,includinghisproposalsforwaterandpowersupply,roads,parkingplaces,drainageandsewagefacilities.AllbuildingsandfacilitiesshallconformtotheEmployer"sstandards.HisproposalsshallbeamendedifrequiredandconstructionofsuchtemporaryfacilitiesandallbuildingsshallnotbestarteduntilhisproposalshavebeenfinallyapprovedbytheEmployer.19.WaterSupplyforconstructionandPotableWaterSupplyThecontractorshallmakehisownarrangementsforthesupplyofwatertothesiteforconstructionofworks.Heshallalsoinstall,operate,maintainduringthecontractperiodorforshorterperiodsastheEmployermaydirect,heshallalsoinstall,operateandmaintainanadequatesupplyoffreshpotablewatertoallstaffquarters,laborcampsoffices,workshopsandothershedsandplacesofworkontheSite.ThesupplyshallbecontinuouslyavailableattheContractor"sexpenses.Potablewatershallbefreefromharmfulimpurities.TheContractorshallalsoprovideanamplesupplyofcleanwaterforconcrete,grouting,washingdownandotherusesontheWorks.20.ElectricitySupplyThereisexiting33kVline(whichischargedat11kV)fromTrishulitoShantiNagarwhichis1kmsouthofproposedUT3APowerHouse.FromthispointtotheproposedUT3AHeadWorksareathe33kVpoleshavebeeninstalled.TheContractorshallmakehisownarrangementsforthesupplyofelectricitytotheSitefortheconstructionofworks,andtohisownstaffquarters,labourcamps,workshop,repairshop,laboratory,storesandEmployerandEngineer’sofficeandcamp(quarter).Heshallinstall,operate,maintainduringthecontractperiodorforsuchshorterperiodsastheEmployermaydirect,andthenremovesuchworks,generatingplant,equipment,wiringandfittingasrequiredtoensureanadequatesupplyofelectricity.21.SanitationTheContractorshallmaintaintheSite,andallworkingareasinasanitaryconditionsandinallmattersofhealthandsanitationshallcomplywiththerequirementsofthelocalmedicalofficeofHealthorothercompetentauthority.51 APPENDICES21.1DisposalofGroundandSurfaceWaterandDe-wateringfoundations(1)GeneralUnlessotherwisespecifiedhereinororderedbytheEmployer,thecontractorshallkeeptheWorkswelldraineduntiltheissueoftheDefectLiabilityCertificateandshallensuresoforasispracticableintheopinionoftheEmployerworksarecarriedoutinthedry.DisposalofallwaterencounteredunderthiscontractshallbetheresponsibilityoftheContractor.Thecontractorshallconstructandmaintainallnecessarycofferdams,channels,drainsandslumpsand/orothertemporarydiversionprotectiveworks,shallfurnishallmaterialsrequiredtherefor,shallfurnish,install,operateandmaintainallnecessarypumpingandotherequipmentforremovingwaterthevariouspartsoftheworkandformaintainingthefoundationsandtheseparatepartsoftheworkfreefromwaterasrequiredforconstruction.Afterhavingservedtheirpurpose,alldikes,cofferdamandothertemporarydewateringfacilitiesshallberemovedorleveledsoasnottointerfereinanywaywiththeoperationofthecanalsandrelatedstructures.TheContractorshallberesponsibleforandshallrepairathisownexpenseanydamagecausedbyfloodingwater,offailureofanypartofthedewateringfacilitiesorprotectiveworks,Exceptasotherwiseprovidedthecontractorshallnotinterruptorinterferewiththewetanddryseasonirrigationasmuchaspossible.(2)De-wateringFoundationsTheContractor"smethodofremovalofwaterfromfoundationexcavationshallbesubjecttotheapprovaloftheEmployer.Whereexcavationforfoundationsextendsbelowthewatertable,theportionbelowthewatertableshallbedewateredinadvanceofexcavation.Thedewateringshallbeaccomplishedbythemannerthatwillmaintainthestabilityoftheexcavatedslopesandbottomoftheexcavation,andwillenableallconstructionoperationinthedry.TheContractorwillalsoberequiredtocontrolseepagealongthebottomoftheexcavationwithintheextentofthestructureswhichmaybesupplementaldewateringsystemorpipedrainsleadingtoslumpsformwhichthewatershallbepumpedout.22.TemporaryDiversionWorksandCareofWaterTheContractorwillhavetoconstructtemporarydiversionworksforconstruction.Cofferdamand/ordiversionchannelforpartialdiversionshallconstructedwithoutovertoppinganddamaginganypartofthecofferdamandchannel.TheContractorshallconstructthetemporarydiversionworksinaccordancewiththeapproveddrawingsandconstructionprogram,andoncompletionofthepermanentembankmentandstructuresheshallremovesuchtemporaryworksfromthesitesasdirectedbytheEmployer.23.ConstructionandMaintenanceofAccessRoad&BridgeTheContractorshallconstructandmaintaintheaccessroadsincludingbridgesfortransportingtheconstructionmaterialandequipment.Theaccessroadsshallbeconstructed52 APPENDICESinsuchamannerthatalloftheaccessroadandbridgeensurethetrafficofheavyequipmentandtrucksduringthewholeconstructionperiodoftheProject.Notlessthanfourteen(14)daysbeforeheintendstostartconstructionofanypartoftheaccessroads,theContractorshallsubmittotheEmployerthedetailedconstructionprogramdrawingsof;(a)theaccessroadsincludingaccessbridges;and(b)anyothertemporaryworkswhichheconsidersnecessaryforproperexecutionoftheworks.TheContractorshallnotstarttheconstructionofaccessroad,bridgeuntiltheEmployer"sapprovaltheretohasbeenobtained.However,suchapprovalshallnotrelievetheContractorofanyliabilityorobligationundertheContract.TheContractorshallconstructtheaccessroadsandbridgesinaccordancewiththeapproveddrawingsandconstructionprogramandshallmaintainandrepairsuchroadssoastoassuretrafficofheavyequipmentandtrucksthroughouttheconstructionperiodoftheworks,oncompletionoftheworksheshallremovesuchaccessroadfromthesiteasdirectedbyEmployer.Thepublicandvillageroadswillalsobeusedastemporaryaccessroadsinevitably.Thecontractorshallmaintainandrepairthemtothesatisfactionoftheauthoritiesconcerned.24.LaboratoryandLaboratoryEquipmentThecontractorshallprovideinthesiteoftheContractor"sOfficeandquartersafieldlaboratorywithsuchtestingequipmentandapparatusasareneededfortheperformanceofthetestsspecifiedintheTechnicalSpecificationsforthematerialsandconstructionofearthworks.TheContractorshallwithinfourteen(14)days,formthedateoftheEmployer"sNoticetoProceedsubmitatestingschedulefortheEmployer"sapproval.Suchtestingscheduleshallcoveralltestsfortheembankmentcompactionandtheembankmentmaterialsandalsoindicatetestingmethods,equipmentandconsumable.ThelaboratoryprovidedbytheContractorshallbeadministratedandmaintainedbytheContractor.ThesupplyofelectricpowerandwatertothelaboratoryshallbemadebytheContractor.TheContractorshallprovidetestingequipmentandapparatusandfurnishalltestingstaff,labourandconsumablenecessaryforcarryingouthistests.SuchcostsincurredinoperationofhistestingastheelectricpowerandwaterconsumptionshallalsobebornebytheContractor.TheContractorshallalsoappointasuperintendentinchargeoftestingtoworkinthelaboratory.TheContractorshallwhenrequestedbytheEmployerortheEmployer"sRepresentativecarryoutanytestinthepresenceoftheEmployerortheEmployer"sRepresentative,orshallprovideallnecessarytestingEngineers,laboratoryassistanceandlaboursrequiredtotheEngineerfreeofcharge.25.ExploratoryBoringandExcavationofTestPits53 APPENDICESTheContractormayfromtimebeorderedbytheEmployerexcavationofexploratoryboring,excavationoftestpits,soilsampling,etc.,inthecourseoftheconstructionworkforthepurposeofknowingtheengineeringpropertiesoftheundergroundfoundation.TheContractorshallfurnishallnecessaryequipment,materialandlabourthereofandshallexecutetheworksinconformitywiththedirectionoftheEmployer.26.TelecommunicationSystemForthecommunicationwithintheprojectarea,thecontractorshallsupplyandinstalltelecommunicationequipment(telephone,mobile,fax,e-mail)andarrangelicensingfromtheappropriateGovernmentdepartmenttoconnecttheofficetotheprojectsites.27.MaterialsandPlanttobeFurnishedbytheContractor(1)GeneralTheContractorshallfurnishallplantandmaterialsrequiredforthecompletionoftheWorksexceptasotherwiseprovidedintheContract,Unlessotherwisespecified,allplantandmaterialswhichformpartoftheWorksshallbenewandshallconformtothestandardprovidedinthespecificationsorstandardsreferredtoinClause9hereof.TheContractorshallinformtheEmployerwhenheprocesstosupplyplantandmaterialsnotconformingtosuchstandardsasabovementioned,andshallobtaintheEmployer"swrittenapprovalofsuchotherstandards.(2)ConstructionalPlantTheContractorshallsupplyallnecessaryConstructionalPlantrequiredforthesufficientexecutionandcompletionoftheWorks.TheEmployermay,ifheconsidersitnecessaryfortheexecutionoftheWorksinaccordancewiththeContractcaninstructtheContractortosupplyadditionalplantandequipment.TheContractorshallsupplyallplantandequipmentcompletewithallsparepartsandshallmaintainsufficientstockofsuchsparepartstoensurethesufficientexecutionoftheWorks.(3)SubstitutedMaterialsTheContractorshallmakediligenteffortstoprocurethespecifiedmaterials,butwhenthematerialsspecifiedareunavailableforbeyondthecontroloftheContractor,substitutedmaterialsmaybeused,providedthatnosubstitutedmaterialsshallbeusedwithoutpriorwrittenapprovaloftheEmployer.TheunitpriceintheBillofQuantitiesshallnotbeadjustedtoallowforincreaseincostbetweenmaterialsquotedforandsubstitutedmaterialsactuallysupplied.(4)InspectionandTestofPlantandMaterialsPlantandmaterialsfurnishedbytheContractorshallbesubjectedtoinspectioninaccordancewiththeContractatanyoneormoreofthefollowinglocationsasdeterminedbytheEmployer.(a)Theplaceofproductionormanufacture54 APPENDICES(b)ThesiteTheContractorshallgiveeveryfacilityandinformationtoenabletheEmployertocarryouttheinspectionandwitnessingoftests.ThecontractorshallgivereasonablenoticeinwritingtotheEmployerofpendinginspectionsandtests.TheEmployershallatalltimeshaverightofentrytoallplaceswherematerialsand/orplantarebeingmanufactured,fabricated,erected,testedorstored.TheContractorshallprovideallthingsnecessaryforthecarryingoutoftestsincludingwater,electricpower,instruments,temporaryconnections,fuel,etc.AllinstrumentsusedintestsshallcarrycalibrationcertificatesfromatestinglaboratoryapprovedbytheEmployerandshallperformwithinthelimitsoferrornecessarytocarryoutthetestsatisfactorily.AllinstrumentsaretobesubjectedtotheapprovaloftheEmployer.TheapprovalbytheEmployerofsuchinspectionsandtestswillnot,however,prejudicetherightoftheEmployertorejectthematerialsorequipment,ifitdoesnotcomplywiththerequiredstandard,andshallinnowayrelievetheContractorfromanyofhisobligationsundertheContract.(5)ProgramandNoticesofTransportationConcurrentlywithsubmittingaconstructionprogram,theContractorshallfurnishtheEmployerwithacompletetransportationprogramformaterialsandtheConstructionalPlant,showingindetailthesequenceoftransportationanddeliveryonSitetocomplywithhisproposedconstructionprogram.TheContractorshallkeeptheEmployerinformedofthearrivalofmaterialsandtheconstructionalplantattheSite.(6)Specification,PamphletsandDatatobeSuppliedbytheContractorTheContractorshallsubmittotheEmployerforapprovalthree(3)setsofcompletespecification,pamphletsanddataformaterials,tobesuppliedundertheContractwithinfourteen(14)daysfromthereceiptoftheNoticetoProceed.Theapprovalofsuchspecifications,pamphletsanddata,however,shallnotrelievecontractorfromresponsibilityinconnectionwiththeContract.(7)IdentificationandMarkingAllapparatusandfittingsthatrequireassemblyatSiteshallhavedistinguishingmarks,punch-stampedorotherwisemarkedinaccordancewithacodeapprovedbytheEmployer.Thesemarksaretobemadeintwoplacesoneachitemandgalvanizedpartsaretobestampedbeforegalvanizing.Allmarksaretobevisibleandlegible.28.PackingAllmaterialsandplantshallbepackedfortransportationtotheSitesothatthematerialsareprotectedagainsttheclimaticconditionstowhichtheymaybesubjectedintransitandinstorageattheSite.AnymaterialsorplantwhichisdamagedordeterioratedduringtransportorstorageshallberejectedbytheEmployerandtheContractorshallremovesuchrejectedmaterialsorplantfromtheSiteassoonaspracticablypossible.55 APPENDICES29.BlastingTheContractorshallnotmakeuseofanyexplosiveswithoutthepermissioninwritingofthepublicorotherauthorityconcerned.TheuseandstorageofallexplosivesinmagazineshallsubjecttotheirapprovalsandshallbethesatisfactionoftheEmployer.TheContractorshallfurtherarrangeathisownexpensefortheprovisionofsafetymanfortheprotectionofpublicandothersduringblastingoperations.WhereblastingispermitteditshallbecarriedoutstrictlyinaccordancewitharrangementpreviouslyagreedinwritingbytheEmployer.TheContractorshallbeentirelyliableforanyaccident,whichshalloccurandshallsavetheemployerharmlessandindemnifiedformallclaimsarisingfromsuchaccidents.Whereloss,inconvenience,injuryoraccidentislikelytobecausedtopersons,animals,works,property,placesandthings,theEmployershallhavepowertoregulateorprohibitblastingandintheeventofsuchregulationorprohibitionthecontractorshallhavenoclaimagainsttheEmployer.AllthecosttobeincurredforblastingshallbebornebytheContractor.TheEmployerwillonlyassisttoobtainthenecessarypermissionsaccordingtotheRulesandRegulationofGovernmentofNepal.30.WorksbyotherContractorsTheEmployerwillarrangeforworksnecessaryforthecompletionoftheProjectotherthanthosecoveredbytheContract,tobeexecutedbyotherContractors.TheContractshallcooperatewithotherContractorstoensurethecompletionoftheProjectasawhole.TheworkstobeperformedbyotherContractorswillbeinformedtotheContractorfromtheEmployer.31.CostrequiredinthisSectionThisisafixedpricecontractwhichincludesallthecostsassociatedwiththedesignandconstruction/installationofCivil,Electro-mechanical,Hydro-mechanicalworksandpreparatoryworksexceptemployer’scampatpowerhouseandheadworkssite.TheproposedbidfortheworksistobefilledinPartIVScheduleofPayment.SalientfeaturesoftheprojectbasedontheDetailedProjectReportwhichisprovidedforreferencepurposeisasfollows:56 APPENDICESAppendixBTheTargetText第六部分雇主要求第I节项目总技术规范57 APPENDICES项目总规范总设计职责电厂的总体布局见具体项目报告。具体项目报告给出的尺寸仅做参考。雇主无义务对报告和图纸的任何内容负责。承包商应开展并负责规定的调查和具体的项目设计，确保调查和设计符合雇主要求中工作范围部分提及的标准。所有设计均应符合本规范提及的标准对应用的要求。承包商应按要求提供符合如下规定的设计：项目特征状态1)功率输出最大产能2x30MW=60MW(最大净水头)要求（60MW及以上）2)拦河堰型号闸堰要求3设计洪水流量2424m/s要求高洪水位EL.872.15m要求堤顶高程EL.861.50m(闸堰位置)建议EL.861.50m(无闸堰位置)要求闸门弧形闸门，4组建议净跨距11.60m×净高9.5m要求鱼道水泥鱼梯要求3流量：4m/s要求倾斜度：1:9要求（1:9及以下）3)进水口型号侧向进水口建议底高程EL.866.50m建议58 APPENDICES桥面高程EL.874.80m建议最高运行水位EL.870.50m要求尺寸24.40m(W)x8.30m(H)要求3设计流量51.00m/s要求拦污栅倾斜固定式钢拦污栅要求净跨度6.40m×垂直高度7.30建议m清污机移动式清污机×1组要求导沙管直径1.20mx2组建议闸门：1.20m(W)x1.20m(H)建议x2组进水口闸门垂直滑动闸门，1组要求净跨度5.20mx净高5.00m建议取水渠长147.50mx道建议内宽5.20mx内高4.95m建议侧槽式溢洪道，1组要求4)除砂器串沟长58.00m,2道建议垂直滑动闸门：.15m(W)x5.20建议m(H),2组膨胀过渡区长34.00m,2道建议除砂器沉淀0.2mm及以上的微粒要求长95.00mx内宽32.50mx深建议8.7m(有效)3前池容量：7,000m要求59 APPENDICES溢洪道排水量：64m3/s要求冲洗用软管：58.00m(L)x1.00建议m(W)x2.00m(H)建议直升门：1.00m(W)x2.00m(H)5)引水隧道型号具有混凝土衬砌和喷射混凝土衬要求砌/或压力隧道内径混凝土衬砌处5.40m建议喷射混凝土衬砌处5.90m长4,095m建议内设计水头18m建议6)调压井型号阻抗孔建议内径井：17.00m，孔：3.00m建议高37.70m建议7)斜井&压力隧道型号1道：干管，2道：岔管要求混凝土埋入式焊接钢衬砌要求内径分叉前4m~分叉后2.00建议长大约186+86.5m建议内设计水头162m建议阀室直径：14m(L)x5m(W)x7.5建议m(H)建议阀：蝴蝶阀60 APPENDICES8)发电室型号地下要求直径42.6m(L)x14.0m(W)x30.2建议m(H)桥式起重机1个主提升系统，1个副提升系统要求提升能力：主提升系统100吨，建议副提升系统10吨风门滑动门，整流栅叶片：2组要求净跨度5.20mx净高2.40m建议9)水轮机型号立轴滚流式水轮机要求设备数量2组要求水轮机输出/31.2MW建议单位水轮机功率93%要求(93%或（额定）以上)水轮机加权平87%要求(87%或均功率以上)净水头133.4m~138.49m建议3水轮机流量/25.5m/s要求组33水轮机最少操18m/s要求(18m/s作性流量/组或更少)-1额定速度428min建议关闭时间7sec要求61 APPENDICES10)发电机型号立轴三相同步交流发电机要求设备数量2组要求最大电容/组36MVA要求(36MVA或以上)发电机最小功97%要求(97%或率以上)额定电压11KV建议额定频率50Hz要求额定功率因数0.85滞后要求11)主变压器型号单项室外油浸绝缘要求设备数量7组要求最大电容/组12MVA要求(12MVA或以上)主变压器加权99%要求(99%或平均功率以上)额定电压高压端：132KV要求低压端：11KV建议连接高压端：星形要求低压端：三角形要求额定频率50Hz要求12)尾水系统隧道2道：25m(L)x6.2m(D)x5.0建议62 APPENDICESm(H)建议1道：115m(L)x6.2m(D)x5.0m(H)渐变1道：13m(L),滑动闸门：2x建议净跨度4.0mx净高4.0m尾水水位EL.726.00m(2组设备处于最要求大排放量时)3池容量：8,260m要求放水闸门：3x净跨度5.35mx建议净高2.0m建议UT-3B入水口闸门及叠梁：净跨度5mx净高5m13)开关站型号132kV煤气绝缘开关设备（GIS）要求出线220kV双回Bison牌48km，到Matatirtha电力分站各分批内GIS调度室一座两层的楼房用以安装GIS及要求辅助设备，如参考图纸所示。14)道路&桥梁道路近2.3km的新路，11.5km的升要求级改造，维护桥梁1座铁桥55m跨度要求1座100m人行天桥，维护建议15)井架控制室&维修大楼如参考图纸所示，安装有所有设要求63 APPENDICES备16)医疗站24张病床，约66m要求17)柴油发电机组发电室区域300kVA建议井架区域100kVA18)车辆4辆4门Pickup牌吉普车，发动要求机排量2600CC以上2辆4门7座吉普车1辆至少15座的迷你巴士1辆7吨平板卡车19)发包方/工程师方永久营地2楼房总面积4952m、便道、供水&要求排水、景观、通信设施、家具承包商应根据要求进行设计、供应、安装，确保发电室（包括发电站运行并在正常条件下发电60MW所需的辅助工程）的供水设施具有适当的净水头和流量。测量及付款所有工程不须都有特定的测量方式。承包商须负责工程的完工，确保发电站的净水头符合60MW的装机容量，并达到国际标准、规范以及雇主要求。未达到规定质量要求和通过完工测验的，根据本合同其它相应部分规定，承包商须支付违约赔偿金。64 APPENDICES第六部分雇主要求第一节总规范（土建工程）65 APPENDICES总规范（土建工程）1.项目描述项目描述请见招标文件第四部分的项目描述和总说明。2.合同范围2.1土建工程合同待完工的土建工程包括：(a)准备工作（道路、桥梁、供水、电力建设、承包商营地及通信设施）(b)河流改道(c)渠首工程建设(d)进水口及进水口隧道建设(e)沉砂池&冲洗结构建设(f)前池建设(g)横通道及入口隧道建设(h)引水隧道建设(i)调压井及阀室建设(j)斜井&压力隧道建设(k)地下发电室&开关站建设(l)尾水系统及尾水池建设表1标明了工程的主要特征。（项目特征）。承包商应严格根据本规范及经雇主批准的图纸执行、完成、维护所有工程项目，并为工程的建设及其临时工程提供所需的所有人力、材料、施工设备和其他必要设施。2.2施工进度土建工程的整个建设期应为35个月或更短，从雇主下令开工之日起算（合同签署后立即开始）。3.图纸3.1参考图纸66 APPENDICES图纸共33张，附于本招标文件后面作为第II卷，以供参考。参考图纸列表请见表2.3.2承包商提交设计&图纸接书面通知根据子条款8.1[开工]开始施工时，承包商应在合同签署之日起两（2）个月内准备并递交一份初期报告，说明根据技术规范及雇主提供的其它相关文件提出的构想、设计理念、步骤和方法等。。初期报告经批准后，承包商应在初期报告经批准之日起三（3）个月内自费开展具体的设计工作，准备并提交设计报告（包括所有永久性及临时性工程所需的施工图纸），以便雇主审批。设计报告应经深思熟虑，包括设计理念、所有接合详图、加固设计详图、参考资料等。根据施工图纸，承包商应自费准备工作图，并提交给雇主审核。当雇主要求进行修改以符合规范要求时，承包商应提交修改后的施工图纸/工作图。雇主在合同期任一阶段对设计图纸做出的审核都不能豁免承包商符合合同要求的义务和/或承包商承担与设计和施工有关的所有费用和风险的责任。承包商应不时审查这些图纸及修改后的这些图纸。若发现图纸存在任何模糊、矛盾或错误时，同样须在进行施工之前通过雇主批准，雇主对解决这些模糊、矛盾或错误的决定应具有决定性。除非合同另有说明，否则承包商应在收到中标通知书后150天内，为其或其分包商建造或提供并安装的所有和永久性工程设计和准备施工图纸。然而，预备工程，如桥梁、通道、横通道等须在合同中标后4个月内开始。雇主将检查或审核承包商提交的图纸，并在承包商递交之日起三十（30）天内对图纸做出评论或批准后返回给承包商。雇主要求重新提交图纸时，承包商应根据要求在进行必要修改之后再次提交图纸，直至获得雇主批准。因此，承包商应充分准备并提交图纸，以促进图纸对应的工程的进展。承包商应首先开始包括桥梁、通道、横通道、电力等预备工程的施工，并提交这些结构的设计给雇主，以便雇主事先审核。3.3竣工图纸承包商应在缺陷责任期期满之前（在收到最终验收通知后起60天内）向雇主提交三（3）份打印清晰的和一（1）份存储在CD-ROM内的已竣工工程图纸。竣工图纸应清楚地显示出永久结构/设备的线条和尺寸，永久设备/结构应是根据雇主指示不时修改的设计或承包商提议并经雇主同意的设计实际建造的。3.4技术转让67 APPENDICES总共十（10）位尼泊尔土木工程师将参加在承包商母国或国外举行的技术转让培训，每位工程师各培训15天。培训费用、住宿费、差旅费及USD$150的每日津贴均应由承包商承担。培训期间，尼泊尔工程师方应学习与合同工程相关的最新科技。所有此类服务的必要费用应视为已包括在投标价内。3.5承包商图纸和文件的提交与审核或批准除非本合同其它地方特别注明，否则承包商应在与图纸和文件有关的工程施工前至少六十（60）个日历日向雇主提交所述图纸和文件，以获得雇主的审核或批准。与可能在尼泊尔境外建造后运至现场的项目有关的现场施工图应在这些项目起运前一百二十（120）天提交，以便雇主批准这些项目。图纸和文件提交、审查和/或批准的程序应按以下规定进行，但雇主应保留权利必要时在工作过程中对该程序作出任何一般性变更。(1)当承包商做好准备让雇主审核和/或批准特定图纸和文件时，应用标准传送表格提交所述图纸和文件，每样各三（3）份清晰可读的蓝图副本（Autocad），传送表格上应有日志（控制）号。传送表格的格式由雇主批准。收到承包商提交的图纸和文件副本后三十（30）天内，雇主应根据图纸和文件应经“批准”或“审核”的情况标注下述等级，并返还承包商一份经标注等级的副本。待审核/批准的图纸和文件等级：(a)“批准”(b)“批准（除标注的项目外）”(c)“退还，须修改”(d)“不批准”(2)收到按上述(1)(a)条和(1)(b)条标注的文件和图纸时，承包商将被授权继续进行上述图纸和文件所涵盖的工程的施工。雇主在上述图纸和文件上标明需要修改的应进行修改，且承包商应先向雇主提交经修改后的蓝图，每份图纸或文件各四(4)份蓝图。所有经批准的图纸均应保存在承包商相应的现场办公室。(3)被退回的图纸和文件有上述(1)(c)规定的标注时，承包商应对图纸和文件进行及时必要的修改和/或修正，并用经纪录的传送表格以相同的方式向雇主提交三(3)份图纸。被退回的图纸和文件再次提交送批时，雇主将努力在十五(15)个工作日内完成相应的审核和/或批准，但审批时间应取决于待检查的修改/修正的数量和复杂程度。该程序须反复进行，直至最终图纸和文件上被标上上述(1)(a)条和(1)(b)条规定的标注，此时这些文件和图纸将成为合同文件的组成部分。适用的图纸和文件经雇主批准之前，不可浇灌混凝土，建造永久性工程。浇灌之前，雇主代表和承包商代表须一起检查，以确保工程完全遵照经批准的图纸68 APPENDICES和文件以及相应的规范。任何差异或缺陷应在浇灌混凝土之前修正。如果有必要对经雇主审核和/或批准的图纸进行修改，承包商应以同种经记录的传送表格形式向雇主再次提交修改后的图纸和/或文件，并将其作为新图纸和/或文件。雇主有权要求承包商对图纸和/或文件增添详细信息和做任何修改，以确保符合规范，且承包商不应收取额外费用。雇主批准图纸和/或文件之前建造的工程应由承包商承担责任。雇主对承包商图纸和/或文件的批准并不能免除承包商的责任，如：符合所有规范要求的责任、图纸和文件的正确性、施工方式的充足性等。收到完工证明之后三十（30）天内，承包商应向雇主提交一套已获得批准的，经明确修改、更新并显示已建造的永久性工程的图纸和文件，这套图纸和文件应具有高质量可重复再现的透明聚酯“迈拉”膜（或相同材质），以便获得清晰的复制品。但这套提供给雇主的图纸应为微缩胶片。此外，承包商还须向雇主提交一套封装的经批准的竣工图纸。4.更改设计和图纸的权利由于挖掘工作和进一步的测试而获得有关地基或其他情况的更多信息时，且对堤坝或相关结构的平面、横截面、尺寸或设计作微小改变以符合该情况时，雇主有权作必要、合意的变更。这些变更可能在合同签订后发生，但应被视为已包含在投标价格中。5.运输设施承包商应调查运输设施的可用性，并对施工所需材料的运输情况作好安排。承包商应亲自调查可用公路的状况、道路的使用权、桥梁的承载能力以及影响运输和进场的规定和限制。承包商应使用各种合理的方式，确保已检查过所有道路、桥梁等的承载能力和其它限制。如果有必要移动设备或前期建设项目或部分工程的特殊荷载时，承包商应获得所有机关部门的许可和批准，并符合所有其它合法要求。承包商应遵守与公共交通路线的使用有关的所有限制、法律、规范。由于自身疏忽造成路线任何结构的损坏时，承包商应进行任何必要的修复或更换。这类修复或更换应符合雇主或相关政府部门的规定。国有道路货运限制根据道路和桥梁的状况不同而有差异。承包商应负责收集所有道路货运限制的信息。6.基准点网络69 APPENDICES参考图纸标注的等级和尺寸以米或千米表示，与为崔树里河上游3A水电项目所建的基准点网络有关。基准点应标注在构成图纸的总平面图&剖面图中。基准点上标示的参考数据应在发出开工通知时一并交给承包商。然而，在将这些基准点用于工程放线（如：航道定位、结构定点和建筑）之前，承包商应检查、确定这些基准点与之前的基准点一致。7.工程放线承包商应负责根据图纸设置结构和堤防的中心线、确定地表横截面、结构的位置以及开工必需的其它放线工作。雇主对工程放线的审查并不能免除承包商在本合同下的任何责任或义务。路权的划分及与此有关的所有必要准备应由雇主进行。8.对雇主的协助承包商应对雇主提供所有必要的协助，提供并维持足够数量的钉、柱、油漆、测绘设备和工具、直尺、手脚架、模具、模板、轮廓仪及用以承包商放线检查和工程测量的其它必需品。承包商应提供足够的必要的测量员，全职或兼职均可。由于雇主检查工程放线产生的所有人力、测量设备和工具、材料所需的费用应由承包商负担。9.标准及补充规范(A)所有适用的工艺、材料、设备应符合下述任一标准，但合同中另有说明的除外。(a)相关的美国、英国、德国、日本、印度、中国及尼泊尔标准或基于接受投标的数据的现行的操作规范，或(b)承包商投标时提议的其它标准或施工规范，且这些标准或规范相当于或高于相应的美国、英国、德国、日本、印度、中国及尼泊尔标准或施工规范。(B)接受基于承包商提议的标准或施工规范的投标应仅表示雇主对该标准或施工规范的总体批准，并不能成为雇主接受在之后被认为低于相应的美国、英国、德国、日本、中国、印度及尼泊尔标准或施工规范的工艺标准的依据。(C)根据用于提交证书给雇主的相应标准，承包商提供的材料在所有方面均符合标准时，承包商应在获得证书之后将之转交雇主。若没有规定相关标准，则使用相应的美国、英国、德国、日本、印度、中国及尼泊尔标准。(D)文件的参考文献提及某一标准规范时，除非特别解释说明，否则该参考文献应为在招标文件签发之日现行有效的标准以及其之后采用并公布的所有后70 APPENDICES续修订、更改或补充。(E)文件的参考文献为特定参考标准或其缩写时，应按下属所述意思理解，这些标准的附件可由承包商自费向位于以下地址的特定组织索要：AASHTO美国各州公路工作者协会美国华盛顿国家新闻大楼341室，2004ACI美国混凝土学会美国底特律Redford站，MI48219，邮政信箱：4754AISC美国钢结构学会美国纽约，派克大街101号，MI48219ASTM美国材料试验协会美国宾夕法尼亚Race街，PA19103AWWA美国用水工程协会美国卡罗特拉州丹佛市昆西西大道6666号，80235BSI英国标准协会英格兰伦敦Pantonville路101号，N19NDDIN德国标准化学会（德国工业标准）DNA德国标准委员会德国科隆州柏林市30区，Beuth-Vertroeb路ISO国际标准化组织瑞士日内瓦deveremble路1号JIS日本工业标准调查会71 APPENDICES日本东京NS尼泊尔标准U.S.Fed美国联邦技术规范销售部（3FRI）Spec.美国华盛顿总务管理局华盛顿海军工厂区197号楼，D.C20407USBR美国垦务局美国华盛顿政府出版局文件管理处10.施工计划从收到雇主的施工通知之日起十四（14）天内，承包商应提交一份完整可行的施工计划，说明工程的有序开展，以供雇主批准。施工计划应详细显示拟定的操作计划，包括材料的采购和运输以及施工。施工计划应以条形图用单独的水平线，根据工程的操作和完工顺序显示每项工程和临时工程各个月的进展。施工计划经雇主批准之后应被视为约定的施工计划，并成为合同的组成部分。约定的施工计划应每隔一段时间进行修订，时间间隔不长于两(2)个月，此外，承包商应立即告知雇主对施工计划进行的任何拟定更改。若承包商使用关键线路法网络（CPM网络）或相同类型的施工安排表来准备计划，则须将这些安排表作为对上述条形图的补充进行提交。施工计划和经修改的施工计划应包括施工阶段每月预计盈余的进度表。11.工程报告及数据11.1月度报告承包商应每月以表格的形式自费提交3份报告给雇主，2份给工程师，说明：(1)上个月的实际进展以及报告月份的预计进展；(2)基于合同条款第14条规定的经批准的施工计划制成的完工计划（目标和实际）(3)报告月份的支出概算；(4)建筑设备一览表，列明上个月施工所用的主要物品及构成建筑设施的设备数量；(5)雇员一览表，显示管理人员和承包商上个月雇佣的各等级劳工。72 APPENDICES(6)采购支出一览表，包括承包商为工程提供的所有材料，以及(7)雇主可能特别要求的任何报告。(8)报告期内混凝土浇注、填料使用、开挖等的总量。(9)报告期建造的主要的临时设施项目。(10)一份详述项目总体进程及如何弥补任何浪费的时间和产生的损失的说明。(11)一份完整列明停用（不宜使用）的设备、使之恢复运转而采取的措施以及预计的维修日期的清单。(12)一份劳动关系说明以及一份说明任何实际或潜在问题的报告。(13)一份列明每件意外事故（包括任何人员的住院和/或伤亡）的清单。(14)一份关于安全计划有效性的报告，以及一份列明任何主要盗窃行为的清单。(15)一份列明报告期前收到的款额、收款日期和已提交但未支付的任何月度的发票额的清单。(16)一份说明报告期内申请索赔的清单（如果有的话），包括索赔金额及时延。(17)一份关于可预见问题区域及相关的解决建议的说明。11.2周报告承包商须每周或定期准备报告给各个工作部门，并按雇主批准的报表形式提交3份报告副本。报告包括但不限于以下数据：天气状况、工地雇员和劳动力、施工现场的材料、订购的材料、现行工程、实验室测试数据、意外情况，以及有关工程进度的所有其他信息。11.3照片承包商应做出安排提供照片制成相册，包括在相册里附上CD（但无需把照片粘在相册上)，以显示工程进度。承包商须及时提供4份照片复印件，照片要大于8厘米×12厘米，这些照片旨在反映由雇主指导的部分现行或已完工工程的状况。每张照片的背面都要注明日期及标题。照片的电子文档应属雇主资产，未经雇主同意，不得将文档打印件提供给他人。11.4雇主审计除上述项外，雇主有权对以下情况进行审计：⑴合同条件第15.5条款规定的终止合同时产生的费用；及⑵承包商向雇主索赔的任何其他费用以及合同条款中并未具体注明的费用73 APPENDICES承包商有义务对上述项目的记录进行精确、及时核算。12.控制路权以实现土地保护承包商须控制其工人及设备的通行，包括雇主批准的进车路线，以最大程度降低对农作物及财产的伤害；承包商须竭尽全力避免破坏土地。在最终工程验收前，承包商须消除车痕，修复对土地造成的伤害，尽可能恢复土地原状。承包商由于其作业，对通行道路的临界土地或批准通行土地的农作物或土地造成过度或不必要的破坏时，承包商应直接对雇主承担责任。根据雇主决定的承包商造成的损害程度，相应的赔偿费用将从雇主付款中扣除。13.安全措施和公共厕所（A）承包商须为任何人在任何时候提供必要的保护措施。承包商须遵守安全守则规定的安全施工方法建议（此安全守则须经雇主认可且与不与适用法律相冲突）。承包商须采取所有必要措施保护工程，防止施工过程中发生意外。承包商须配备并维持充分的夜间照明、隔板、警卫，提供临时人行道、临时桥梁，发射危险信号，配备保安及必要的保障，来妥当保护人们生命和财产安全。承包商还必须对基坑、设备和材料等做好保护措施，以免危及大众生命安全。（B）承包商施工时，须尽可能不要给交通带来任何阻塞和不便。现有街道或人行道无法绕行时，工程施工须让位于交通，且尽可能不要延误交通或带来任何不便，除非雇主另有授权。（C）承包商及其雇员雇佣关系存续期间，二者的财产遭到侵犯而导致的毁坏或伤害，须由承包商负责。（D）承包商须做好各种预防措施，防止工地现场或附近发生火灾。承包商须遵守关于防火的法律法规以及雇主所做的防火指示。无论火灾发源于何地，只要工地发生火灾，承包商都要全力以赴努力灭火。承包商须最大限度利用工地现场的必要设备和人力（包括其分包商的设备和人力）与火灾抗争到底。14.临时栅栏根据合同条件第19和20条款，如有必要，承包商须在其工地现场区域内，工程土地周围竖起合适的、经批准的临时栅栏。若临时栅栏需立在公路、人行道等两侧，临时栅栏的类型必须满足有关部门的要求。15.布告牌74 APPENDICES承包商须在工地现场支立一个不小于2米×3米的布告牌。布告牌须上漆，并按雇主要求描述通告。开工前须将布告牌立于一个恰当位置。若毁坏或移走布告牌，则须重新支立新布告牌。16.清理现场在工程结束、雇主最终验收前，承包商须从工地现场转移所有设备、工具、垃圾、混凝土模板、大石块、砖头、以及其他并未并入永久性工程下的材料。17.医疗支持设施承包商须自行安排利用由承包商建立的工地医疗设施对死伤者进行治疗。承包商须支付这些设施的建设、运行、管理费用，包括用救护车运送受伤或生病的雇员到崔树里或加德满都医院的费用。医疗支持设施须适用于雇主的职员、承包商的雇员以及当地人员。18.承包商的临时设施承包商负责获取土地，建立他认为必要的临时设施，例如办公室、储藏室、仓库、车队、实验室、车间、维修店、燃料和润滑剂服务设施及设备、员工营地等。承包商还须负责此类临时设施（含住所）的施工、维护、运作以及随后的拆除。在收到雇主的开工通知起六十（60）天内，承包商须向雇主提交其拟建或租用的临时设施的详细计划和/或施工图纸，其中包括供水、供电、道路、停车场、排水和排污设施，以获得雇主批准。所有建筑和设施须符合雇主标准。一经雇主要求，承包商的提案必须予以修改。未得到雇主最终批准前，所有临时设施和建筑均不得动工。19.工程用水和饮用水的供应承包商须自行安排建设工地的供水。合同期间或雇主指导的较短期间，承包商还须安装、操作并维持足够的新鲜饮用水，供水至工地所有员工营地、办公地点、车间及其他工作地点。需不间断供水，供水费用由承包商自理。饮用水不得受有害杂质的污染。供应商须为工地的混凝土、灌浆、清洗及其它施工提供充足供水。20.供电75 APPENDICES从崔树里到位于UT3A发电厂以南1千米的和平城，现有一条33千伏的高压线路。从这里到UT3A渠首工程工地，现已架设33千伏电线杆。承包商须自行安排工地施工工程的电力供应，以及为其员工营地、工作间、维修间、实验室、商店、雇主和工程师方的办公地点和营地供电。在合同期间以及雇主指导短期内，承包商须安装、操作并维持供电，且须转移这些工程、发电设备、电线，以确保供电充足。21.卫生设备承包商须维持工地现场及所有工作区域处于清洁状态。所有卫生事宜都须遵守当地卫生处或其他主管机关的要求。21.1地下水和地表水处理及排水基础⑴概述除非本合同另有规定或经雇主要求，否则在发出缺陷责任证书前，承包商须保持工程排水良好，且尽可能确保得到雇主认同，工程在干燥的环境下进行。在本合同下遇到的所有水处理问题都由承包商负责。承包商须：1.建设并维护所有必要围堰、沟渠、排水道和/或其他临时改道保护工程；2.提供所有需要的材料；3.提供、安装、运作并维护所有必要的抽水设备及其它设备（用于对不同施工部位进行排水处理；或出于施工考虑，用于维持基础及独立施工部位干燥不湿）。解决上述问题后，河堤、围堰及其它临时排水设施均须纳入拆除范围，以免妨碍运河或相关建筑的运营。承包商须负责并修复由洪水或排水设施故障或保护性工程故障造成的损害，一切费用由承包商自理。除非本合同另有规定，否则承包商须尽力不干扰到雨、旱季的灌溉。⑵排水基础承包商基坑开挖排水的方式须征得雇主的批准。若基坑在潜水位下，其潜水位以下部分的水须在开挖前排尽。排水过程应保持基坑斜坡和底部稳定，以及施工操作环境的干燥度。承包商还须将基坑底部的渗水量控制在补充排水系统或管道抽水量的范围内。22.临时改道工程和水处理出于施工考虑，承包商必须建设临时改道工程。在不漫顶和破坏围堰、沟渠的前提下，承包商为部分改道工程建设围堰和/或改道沟渠。76 APPENDICES承包商须根据已批准的施工图和建设项目，建设临时改道工程。一旦完成永久性河堤及建筑的建设，承包商则须在雇主的指导下，拆除工地现场的这些临时工程。23.通行道路和桥梁的建设和维修承包商必须建设并维护包括桥梁在内的通行道路，供运输材料及设备之用。承包商须确保建设的通行道路及桥梁在整个工程建设期间，能承受沉重设备和卡车的通行。在通行道路计划动工之日至少十四（14）天前，承包商须向雇主提交详细的项目施工图，其中包括：(a)通行道路、通行桥梁；及(b)承包商认为便于工程正常进行，需要开展的临时工程。未取得雇主同意，承包商不得开始建设通行道路、桥梁。但是，这并不意味着减轻承包商在本合同下所涉的任何义务或责任。承包商须根据已批准的施工图和施工项目建设通行道路及桥梁，维护并维修道路和桥梁以确保工程期间重设备及卡车的通行。一旦完成工程建设，就应在雇主的指导下，由承包商从工地现场拆除通行道路和桥梁。公路和村道将不可避免被用作临时通行道路。承包商须维护、维修这些公路、村道，直到有关当局满意为止。24.实验室和实验设备承包商须在施工现场设立办公室和实验室并提供测试设备及仪器。这些仪器、设备的性能须符合土方工程材料及建筑的技术规格所做的规定。在收到雇主开工通知十四（14）天内，承包商须向雇主提交一份测试日程表以获得其批准。此日程表须涵盖河堤压密、河堤材料的所有测试，还须注明测试方法、设备及消耗品。承包商须负责管理和维护由其提供的实验室。承包商必须：1.负责实验室的供电供水；2.提供测试设备、仪器，以及进行测试所需的测试材料、人员及消耗品。在测试过程中若产生诸如水电之类的消耗费用时，此等费用由承包商承担。承包商须任命一名主管负责实验室的工程测试。一经雇主或雇主代表要求，承包商须：1.在雇主或雇主代表在场的前提下进行测试；或2.免费提供必要的测试工程师、实验室助手和人力。25.实验坑的钻探和挖掘77 APPENDICES在施工过程中，为了了解地下基建工程的性质，应雇主要求，承包商有时需要进行钻探、挖掘实验坑、采集土壤等工作。承包商须提供该工程所需所有设备、材料、及人力并遵从雇主指导进行施工。26.通信系统对于项目区域内的通信，承包商须提供并安装通讯设备，如电话、手机、传真、邮件等，并从相关政府部门获得授权，连接承包商办公室与施工现场的通信。27.待承包商提供的材料和设备⑴概述承包商须提供工程完工所需的所有设备和材料。除非合同另有规定，否则承包商所提供的所有工程设备均须是新购且符合本合同第9条规定的规格及标准。若提供的设备和材料不符合上述标准，承包商须将此项不符告知给雇主，并取得雇主关于是否采纳其他标准的书面批准。⑵施工设备承包商须提供施工和完成该项工程所需的一切必要施工设备。根据本合同，雇主认为在工程执行过程中必要时，可指示承包商提供额外的设备。承包商则须提供完整的设备及零部件，并保证零部件储备充足以确保充分执行该项工程。⑶替代材料承包商必须尽量采购规定的材料，但若规定材料超出承包商采购能力的范围，便可使用替代材料。未经雇主书面授权，不可使用任何替代材料。不得擅自调整工程量清单下所载单价，以免在原材料报价和替代材料实际报价间发生涨价现象。⑷设备和材料的检查和测试根据本合同，承包商提供的设备和材料须在以下任一或多个地点接受雇主的检测:(a)产地或制造地(b)施工现场承包商须为雇主进行检查及见证检测提供一切便利和信息。检查及测试未定的，承包商应书面通知雇主。任何时候，雇主均有权进入材料和/或设备的制造、生产、测试或储存地。承包商须提供进行测试所需的所有材料，包括水、电、仪器、临时通讯连接、燃料等。所有测试使用的仪器都必须含有由雇主批准的测试实验室出具的仪表刻度合格证书且须在误差范围内使用仪器，以达到令人满意的测试效果。所有78 APPENDICES仪器都必须得到雇主的批准。但是，若经雇主批准的此类检查和测试同所要求的标准不符时，则该项批准：1.不得损害雇主拒收材料或设备的权力；及2.绝不意味着减轻本合同下所载的承包商任一责任。(5)运输计划及通知在提交施工方案的同时，承包商应向雇主提交物料和施工设备的完整运输方案，详细说明现场运输和交付的顺序，以符合其拟定的施工方案。承包商应随时向雇主通报现场材料和施工设备的到达情况。(6)待承包商提供的规格、宣传册和数据根据本合同，承包商应在收到开工通知后十四（14）天内，向雇主提供三（3）套完整的材料规格、宣传册和数据，供其审批。然而，雇主对这些规格、宣传册和数据的批准不能意味着减除承包商在合同下所需承担的责任。(7)识别和标记所有需现场装配的装置和设备须：1.配有明显的标记；2.冲压予以标记；或3.按照雇主批准的某一代码予以标记。每件装置上须有两处的标志，镀锌部分须在镀锌前打好标志。所有标志均须清晰可见。28.包装所有运输到施工现场的材料和设备须进行包装，以使材料（在途中或储存在施工现场时）免受气候条件的影响。雇主须拒收任何（在运输过程中或储存时）受损或变质的材料和设备。承包商须尽快将此类被拒收的材料和设备从施工现场清除。29.爆破未得到公众或其他有关当局的允许前，承包商不得使用任何炸药。炸药库中炸药的使用和保存均须经过上述各方批准和雇主的同意。承包商须进一步自费安排安全员，在实施爆破时保护公众及他人的安全。允许爆破时，须严格按照先前雇主书面同意的安排来执行爆破。承包商应对发生的任何事故承担全部责任，并且确保雇主免于因此类事故而引起的一切索赔。当爆破很可能会给人员、动物、工程、财产、场所和其他事物造成损失、不便、伤害或事故时，雇主有权管制或禁止爆破且承包商不得向雇主进行索赔。所有爆破产生的费用由承包商承担。雇主只须根据尼泊尔政府的有关规章制度，协助承包商获取所需的许可。79 APPENDICES30.其他承包商的工作雇主可将非本合同规定的项目完工所需的其他工程安排给其他承包商完成。承包商须与其他承包商合作，保证整个工程的顺利完成。由其他承包商执行的工程将由雇主通知给承包商。31.此部分所需的费用此合同为固定价格合同。合同价格涵盖同下列各项的设计、建设/安装相关的费用：1.土建/机电/水利机械工程；2.除雇主在发电室/渠首工程处的营地外的准备性工程。工程议标将在第四部分—付款安排中予以阐述。80 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirstofall,IwouldliketoexpressmysincerethankstoEastChinaJiaotongUniversityforprovidingmewithavaluableopportunitytostudy.Then,IwillextendmyhighestrespectandheartfeltthankstomysupervisorProfessorHuDanwhoisknowledgeableandhasgreatacademicachievementsforherconstantandintellectualguidanceandhelpinmystudyandlife.Fromthetopicselectiontothefinalcompletion,thereportisfinishedundertheguidanceofmysupervisor.Sheisverystrictwithmypaperandgivesmealotofvaluableinstructionsandrevisionsduringmyprocessofwritingthereport.AlsoIwouldliketoextendmysincerethankstootherprofessorsandteachersofSchoolofForeignLanguagesfortheirprofessionalandprofoundknowledge,remarkableexpertiseinguidingtranslationpracticeandconstantguidanceinmystudyandlife.Finally,Iamsogratefultomyfamilyaswellasmyclassmatesandfriendswhohasgivenmesomuchsupportandhelpduringthisthree-yeargraduateacademicstudy.81 个人简历在校期间学术（翻译）成果个人简历在校期间学术（翻译）成果个人简历：刘峥，女，1991年9月生。2014年7月毕业于华东交通大学（英语）专业，获学士学位。2015年9月入华东交通大学读翻译硕士。已发表论文：[1]刘峥.交通工程英语语言特点及翻译技巧[A].第五届“现代铁路创新与可持续发展”国际学术研讨会论文集[C].北京:科学出版社,2016.82'