水工建筑物知识点（water works building knowledge point）

'水工建筑物知识点（Waterworksbuildingknowledgepoint）Chaptervsluices1.Thesluicegateisalow-waterheadbuildingthatcanholdwateranddrainwatertoadjustthewaterlevelandcontrolthedischargeflow.Thesluicegateisdividedintothewatergate,thesluicegate,thesluicegate,thesluicegate,thesluicegateandthesluicegate.Accordingtoitsstructuretype:opentypeandclosedwatergate.2.Thecomponentsofthesluicegate:thegatechamber,theupstreamconnectionsection,andthedownstreamconnectionthreegroups.Themainfunctionofthechamberistocontrolthewaterflowandtoconnectthetwosides.Itincludesgate,gate,floor,chestwall,workbridgeTrafficbridge,etc.Thefunctionofthebrakepier:separatethebrakeholeandsupportthesuperstructure.Upstreamconnection:guidewaterflowsmoothlyintothegatechamber,protectupstreamriverbedandBanksfromscour,andhaveanti-seepageuse. Downstreamconnectingsegments:themainfunctionistoeliminatetheseepageflowthroughthegateandthetwoBanks.3.Theinfluencefactorsofbrakeholedesignincludebrakeholetypeandgateheight.4.Undergroundcontourline:impermeablebedding,sheetpileandfoundationcontactline,whichisthefirstoftheseepageofthesluiceStreamline,itslengthistheanti-seepagelengthofthebrakebase.L>CH5.Calculationpurposeoftheseepageflowofthegate:tosolvetheseepagepressureandinfiltrationslope,andtoverifytheinitialdrawinganddrainageWhetherthelayoutmeetstherequirements.Themethodsofcalculationinclude:flownetworkmethod,linearmethod,improvedcoefficientmethodofnegativeforce,finiteelementmethodandtestmethod.Thestraightlinemethodassumesthattheseepageflowisthesameastheslopeofthecontourofthefoundation,thatis,theheadlossischangedinastraightline.6.Anti-seepagefacilitiesofsluicesinclude;Horizontalanti-seepage(blanket),verticalanti-seepage(sheetpile,toothwall)twokindsofdrainagefacilitiesreferto Thelayerofgravelislaidonthebottomofthebottomorthedownstreamofthesluice.7.Theenergydissipationmodeofthesluiceisgenerally:thebottomflowdissipates.Theenergydissipationfacilitiesaregenerallyused:guard,seaandanti-impacttrough.Theeffectoftheseaistofurtherreducetheremainingenergyofthecurrent,protectthesafetyoftheguard,andadjusttheflowvelocitydistributiontoprotecttheriverBed,preventscour.?Theseaisrequiredtohavecertainrough,waterpermeability,flexible.8.Thebaseplateshallbeconnectedwiththebrakepier,andthebottomplatecanbedividedintotwotypes;9.Thestabilityofthegatechamberreferstothevariousloadsofthegatechamber,whichdonotslidealongthefoundationordeep;Thereisnoobvioustilt;Theaveragebasepressureisnotgreaterthantheallowablebearingcapacityofthefoundation.10.Improvetheanti-slidingstabilityofthegate:(1)increasethelengthofthepaving,orclosethedrainagefacilitiestothewatergatetoreducetheeffectiftheanti-seepagestabilityisnotaffectedThepenetrationpressureonthebottomplate.(2)usetheupstreamreinforcedconcretepavingastheresistanceskateboard,buttheanti-slidingstabilitysafetyfactorofthe chamberitselfshouldstillbegreaterthan1.(3)positionthegatedownstreamoneSidemove,orthesluicegatewillbeextendedtothesideoftheShanghaisidesothatdollycanuseheavywater.(4)increasethedepthofthetoothwallofthegate.(5)increasethesizeofthelockchamberproperly.11.Calculationmethodoffloorslabstructure:(1)invertedbeammethod:itisassumedthattheverticalflowdirectionofthefoundationisinastraightlineandtheverticalflowdirectionisuniformlydistributed.(2)elasticfoundationgirdermethod:itisassumedthatthefoundationcounterforceisdistributedinastraightline.Interceptionofsinglewidestripandpiersinverticalflowdirection,Accordingtoelasticfoundationgirdercalculatefoundationcounterforceandbottomplateinternalforce.Dischargecharacteristicsofwatersluice:(1)theformofwaterflowiscomplex.(2)itiseasytoformthewavywater.(cause:thewaterlevelofupstreamanddownstreamissmaller)(3)itiseasytoberechargedunderthebrakeFlow.13.Thechoiceoftheenergydissipationmethod:whentheresistanceofriverbedandbankslopeislow,andthewaterheadisnothigh,andtheflowofthewaterfroudeislow,itisadvisabletousethebottomflowdissipation.Whenthewater Thesluicecanbeusedtoabsorbthehigherwaterhead,andthelowerbedandthebankslopearehardrock.Whenthebottomwaterdepthofthesluicegateisdeepandthechangeissmall,theriverbedandtheslopeareanti-punchingabilityWhenstronger,thesurfaceflowcanbeused.14.Theeffectofthebottomflowdissipation:byincreasingthelowwaterdepth,ensurethatthesubmergedwaterjumpisgeneratedtopreventsoilbaseerosiondamage.Thearrangementformofthebottomfloweliminationcanbemainly:thelowerexcavationtypeeliminationTheforcepool,thesilltypeandthecomprehensivecontrolpool.15.Thetaskofwatersluicedesignistodeterminetheundergroundcontourlineofthesluicegateandtakenecessaryandreliableanti-seepageanddrainagemeasurestoeliminateandreducetheseepageofwaterbrakeTheadverseeffectofthebirthcontrolpreventstheleakageofthegateandthetwosidesoftheriver,soastoensuretheworksafetyofthesluice.16.Principleoflayoutofanti-seepagedrainageforsluice:highanti-lowplatoon.17.Thegateisdividedintoworkgate,accessgateandemergencyvalve.Theworkgateisusedinthenormalconditionofthesluicegate.maintenance Thegateisatemporarywaterusewhenitisoverhauled.Thegateoftheaccidentiscausedbytheoccurrenceofanaccidentinthewaterbrakeormechanicalequipment,whichrequirestherapidclosureofthemovingwaterandthestaticwaterIntheopen.18.Thestructureofthebuildingsonbothsidesofthestraits:gravity,cantilever,buttress,emptybox,andemptybox.19.Therubberdamiscomposedofupstreamanddownstreamlinksandbasicparts,damblocksandcontrolsystems.Themainmaterialofthebagisrubberandcanvas.Chapterviihydraulictunnel1.Thetypeoftunnel:powergeneration,watertunnel,watertunnel,irrigationandwatersupplytunnel,constructionguidetunnel,drainagetunnel,sanddrainandtunnel.Accordingtotheworkingconditionsoftunnel,itcanbedividedintopressuretunnelandnon-pressuretunnel.Function:(1)cooperatewithspillwaytoventflood;(2)diversionofwatertogenerateelectricityorwaterforirrigation,watersupplyandshipping;(3)dischargereservoirsedimentandprolongtheservicelifeofthereservoir,whichisbeneficialtothenormaloperationofthehydropowerstation;(4)emptyreservoirsforpreparingorrepairingbuildings;(5)constructiondiversionduringtheconstructionperiodofthewatercontrolcenter. 2.Sectionshapeandsizeoftunnel:?Theshapeofthesectionshouldbecircular,consideringthestressconditionandhydrauliccharacteristicsofthetunnel.Thesectionsizeofthepressuretunnelisdeterminedbyhydrauliccalculation-calculatingthedischargecapacityandalongtheslopeline.?Thecommonlyusednon-pressuretunneltypeis:roundarch,straightwall,horseshoeshape.Itssectionsizeisdeterminedaccordingtotheapplication,thedischargecapacityandthesurfacelineofthehole.3.Thegateofhydraulictunnelisdividedintoworkgateandoverhaulgateaccordingtothenatureofwork.Theworkgateismainlyusedtoregulateflowandcontrolholeandshouldbeopenedandclosedindynamicwater.Theoverhaulgateisusedwhenthemaingateortheholeisblocked.4.Thetunnelconsistsofthreeparts:theentrancesection,theholefigureandtheoutletsection.Theformofinletisfourtypesofshaft,tower,bankandslope.Tunnelentrancebuildingsinclude:inletbellmouth,gatechamber,vent,flatpressuretubeandgradualsegment.Theventholeshouldbesetupafterthesluicegateanditsfunctionistofilltheairandexhaust.5.Theeffectoftheliningofthehole(1)beartheload;(2) strengtheningsurroundingrock;(3)reducethesurfaceroughnessofthehole;(4)protectsurroundingrock(5)topreventleakage.6.Thetunnelgroutingcanbedividedintobackfillgroutingandconsolidationgroutingaccordingtoitspurpose.Backfillgroutingeffect:itisinordertofillingthegapbetweentheliningandrockisclose-grained,maketheliningandrocktogether,toimprovetheforceconditionofthelining,sothattheliningandsurroundingrockbeartheloadtogether.Theeffectofconsolidationgroutingistoimprovethestrengthandwholenessofthesurroundingrock,andobtainthereliableelasticresistancetoimprovethestressconditionoftheliningstructureandreducetheleakage.Thepurposeofthetunneldrainageistoreducetheexternalpressureonthelining.7.Theenergydissipationfacilitiesofthetunnel:thedrainagetunnelismostlyusedtoremoveenergyanddrainenergy.Andthenthere"stheholethat"sgoingtodissipation.8.Mountainrockpressure:duetothestressredistributionoftheoriginalstressfieldcausedbytheexcavationofthetunnel,thesurroundingrockcancausedeformation,loosenessanddamagetotheliningofthelining.ThepressureoftherocksisgreatSmallisrelatedtothemassofrockmass. Therockpressureformedbyconfiningthedeformationofsurroundingrockiscalleddeformationmountainpressure;Thepressureofthepotentialcollapseoftheliningiscalledlooserockpressure.Elasticresistance:theforceofthesurroundingrockresistanceliningdeformationiscalledtheelasticresistanceofthesurroundingrock.Thepressureofthesurroundingrockisdifferentfromthatoftheelasticforce:thepressureofthesurroundingrockisthemainforceactingonthelining,whiletheelasticresistanceisdrivenandconditional.9.Characteristicsofwaterworkerswithholes:structurecharacteristics,flowcharacteristics,constructioncharacteristics.10.Theculvertofthedamisusuallycomposedoftheimportsection,thetubebodysegmentandtheexitsection.Thetubebodyisequippedwithtubeseat,expansionjoint,watercutring,andclothing.Chapterviiiconstructionofadikebuildingandacanalbuilding1.NavigationbuildingsaredividedintolockandliftThefunctionofthelockistousehydraulicconditiontofloattheshiptothedam,thetransportquantityislarge,the freightislow,thesafetyisreliable,butthewaterconsumptionislarge.Theroleoftheshiplifter:usingmechanicalforcetosendtheshiptothedam,thewaterconsumptionisverysmall,thespeedoftransportationisfast,theapplicationrangeislarge,butthemechanicalequipmentiscomplex,thetechnicalrequirementishigh,thetransportationabilityislow.2.Compositionofthelock:upstreamanddownstreamleads,upper,lowerandlowerhead,gatechamber.Thebasicsizeofthelock:includingtheeffectivelengthofthegatechamber,theeffectivewidthandtheeffectivedepthofthelock.?Thelayoutofthelockisusuallyarrangednearthedeependoftheriver.3.CanalbuildingAqueduct:anoverheadconveyancestructurethatisimpededbytheflowofwaterthroughrivers,channels,roadsandvalleys.Composition:thetankbody,supportingstructure,foundationandimportandexportbuildings.4.Invertedsiphon:thepressureconveyancestructurebuiltwhenthechannelintersectstheroad,channelorvalley.Comparedwithaqueduct,ithaslowcostandconvenientconstruction,butitsheadlossisbigger,andtheoperationmanagementisnotasconvenientasaqueduct.Itisappliedtotheconstructionofaqueductdifficulties,ortheoccasionofrequiringhighfillingchannels;Thesiphonisalsousedwhen thewaterlevelisclosetothecrossriverorroadelevation.Invertedrainbowtubeconsistsofthreeparts:import,pipebodyandexport.Itisdividedintoinclinedtubeandshafttype.Inletsegmentsincludeinlet,gate,grille,opening,rampandsink.5.Fallingbuildings:mainfallsandsteepslopes.Afterthewaterflowfromthewateroutlet,itisfreetothrowthestate,andfinallyfallintothedownstreamofthewater;Thefallismadeupoftheinlet,thefallingwall,thesidewall,theforcepoolandtheoutletpart.Whenthechannelhasbeenthroughthesteepterrain,theslopeoftheslopingcanalisgenerallylargerthanthecriticalslope,whichiscalledasteepslope.Itconsistsofimportsection,steepslopesection,energydissipationfacilityandexitsection.6.Irrigationcanalsystemisgenerallydividedintodry,branch,bucket,agriculturalandMAOwu-levelchannels,whichconstituteirrigationsystem.Thefirstfourarefixedchannels,andthelaststageistemporary.Generallydry,branch,canalmainwatertransmissionfunction,calledaqueduct.Thefight,thecanalplaysthewaterrole,iscalledthedistributionchannel.7.Theaqueductismainlysupportedbythegroovesupportstructure.Chapterixwaterresourceshub 1.Thedesignstageofthewaterconservancyhubisinthestageofpre-feasibilitystudystage,feasibilitystudystage,biddingdesignstageandconstructiondetailstage.?2.Thefactorsthatshouldbeconsideredintheselectionofthedamsiteareterrainconditions,geologicalconditions,constructionmaterials,constructionconditionsandcomprehensivebenefits.?Thecurvecirculationprincipleisappliedinthedamdiversionjunction.(x)?Nodamintakeisusuallysetontheconvexbankoftheriver.(x)?NodamledTheprincipleofthelocationselectionofwateranddamisthesame.Thehubarrangementistoplacethehubbuildingstogetherinacompactway.(x)'