水工建筑物知识点（knowledge points of hydraulic structures）

'水工建筑物知识点（Knowledgepointsofhydraulicstructures）Thefifthchaptersluice1,thesluiceisalowheadbuilding,notonlytoblockthewater,andcanbeusedtoadjustthewaterlevel,discharge,dischargecontrol.Accordingtothetaskofsluicedividedinto:sluice,sluice,drainagesluice,flooddiversionsluice,tidalsluice,flushingsluice.Accordingtoitsstructureisdividedintoopenandclosedtypesluice.Part2:fromthesluicechamber,theupstreamanddownstreamconnectionconnectionsectionconsistsofthree.Themainfunctionofthechamberis:controlflow,connectthetwosides.Includinggate,pier,floor,parapet,bridgeworkTraffic,bridgeandotherparts.Pier:separategatehole,theupperbearingstructure.Theupstreamconnectionsection:toguidetheflowsmoothlyintothechamber,theupstreamriverbedandbankprotectionfromerosion,andimperviouseffect.Downstreamconnections:themainroleisenergydissipation,erosionpreventionandsafetyisdischargedthroughtheseepageofsluicefoundationandthetwosides. 3thefactorsinfluencingthedesignofsluicesluicegatetype,elevation;4,undergroundOutline:bedding,sheetpileandfloorandgroundcontactlineimpermeable,whichisthefirstoftheseepageofsluicefoundationThelengthofstreamlines,lengthofthesluicefoundation.L>CH5,tocalculatetheseepageofsluicefoundationissolvingseepagepressure,seepagegradient,andverifythebeginningtodevelopundergroundoutlineanddrainageThelayoutmeetstherequirements.Thecalculationmethodsare:netmethod,linearmethod,improvedresistancecoefficientmethod,finiteelementmethodandtheelectricanaloguetestmethod.Thelinearmethodassumesthattheslopeseepagealongthegroundcontouristhesame,accordingtothelinearchangeofheadloss.6,includingthesluiceanti-seepagefacilities;(horizontalimperviousblanket),verticalcutoff(twoteeth,sheetpilewall),drainagefacilitiesreferstoThelayingofgravelseepageguidingroleinthelowerapron,masonrystoneseabottomorthefloorofthegateofthediffuse. 7,themodeofenergydissipationgenerally:underflowenergydissipation.Energydissipationfacilitiesgenerallyused:apronandapronandantiscourtrough.Man"sroleis:furtherreductionoftheresidualenergyflow,safetyprotectionapronandadjust,velocitydistribution,protectionofriverBedscour.?apronmustberough,permeable,flexible.8,accordingtothefloorandpierconnection,thefloorcanbedividedintointegralandseparatedtwokinds;9,thestabilityreferstotheroleofchamberunderallkindsofloadsfromalongthesurfaceordeepslip;noobviousinclination;theallowablebearingcapacityoffoundationbasepressureisnotgreaterthantheaverage.10,theengineeringmeasurestoimprovethestabilityofslidingresistance:(1)increasetheblanketlength,orinthepremiseofnotaffectingtheseepagestability,thedrainagefacilitiesclosetothesluiceplate,inordertoreducetheeffectofTheosmoticpressureonthebottomplate.(2)theuseoftheupperreinforcedconcreteblanketasAntislider,butthechamberitselfoftheantislidesafetycoefficientshouldbegreaterthan1.(3)thegatelocationtothedownstreamThemobileside,orthesluiceplatetotheShanghaisideto useheavywaterlengthened.(4)increasethedepthofthetoothwallchamberfloor.(5)increasingthesizeofchamberstructure.11calculationmethodsoflockfloorstructure:(1):invertedbeammethodassumesthatthegroundforcealongthedirectionofflowinastraightlineperpendiculartotheflowdirectiondistribution,uniformdistribution.(2)theelasticfoundationbeammethodassumesthatthegroundreactionforce:lineardistribution.Intheverticaldirectionofflowinterceptionofsinglewidestripsandapier,Calculationofgroundreactionforceandtheinternalforceofsoleplatebyelasticfoundationbeam.Thedischargecharacteristicsof12.Gates:(1)intheformofcomplexflow.(2)gateiseasytoformundularlump.To(cause:thewaterleveldownstreamless)(3)ispronetobreaktheflushgateFlow.13.energydissipationmodeselection:whentheriverbedandbankerosionresistingabilityislow,andthebearheadisnothigh,thegateunderthetransitionoftheflowFroudenumberislow,shouldbeusedforenergydissipation.WhenthewaterThegateunderhighhead,andthedownstreamriverbedandbankforhardrock,Thejetflow.Whenthesluiceundertailwaterdepthandsmall changes,riverbedandbankerosionresistanceStrong,thesurfaceflowenergydissipation.14.energydissipationeffect:byincreasingthewaterdepth,ensurethesubmergedhydraulicjump,topreventsoilerosion.Themainlayoutofenergydissipationare:firedrilldownThepool,suddensillstillingandcomprehensivestilling.15.sluiceseepagepreventionanddrainagedesigntaskistodeterminethereasonableeconomicsluiceundergroundcontourlineandtakethenecessaryandreliableseepagepreventionanddrainagemeasures,toeliminateandreducetheseepageofsluice.Theadverseeffectsofthegatebaseonbothsidesandpreventseepagedamage,ensurethesafetyoftheworkofsluice.16.layoutofsluicefoundationseepagepreventionanddrainage:high-lowrow.The17.gateaccordingtothenatureoftheworkcanbedividedintothegate,gateandemergencygate.Thegateisusedinthenormalconditions,requirementsindynamicwaterclosing;maintenanceThegateistemporarymaintenancewhenwateruse,usuallyinhydrostaticpressureinopeningandclosingthegateisintheaccident;thesluiceormechanicalequipmentaccident,inmovingwaterfastclosure,instillwater Intheopen.Structureof18.buildingsonbothsidesofthegravity,cantilever,buttress,empty,emptybox,type.19.rubberdamdownstreambytheconnectingsectionandthebasepart,retainingdamandcontrolsystemetc..Themainmaterialisrubberandcanvasbagdam.TheseventhchapterofhydraulictunnelType1:waterdiversiontunnel,tunnel,tailwatertunnel,irrigationandwatersupplytunnel,constructionofdiversiontunnelandspillwaytunnel,sanddischargetunnelandemptyingtunnel.Accordingtotheworkingconditionsofthetunnel,andcanbedividedintopressuretunnelandnonpressuretunnel.Effect:(1)withthespillwayfloodvent;(2)thediversionforirrigation,watersupply,shippingordeliverypurposes;(3)reservoirsedimentdischarge,prolongingthelifeofreservoir,isconducivetothenormaloperationofthehydropowerstation;(4)theemptyingofthereservoir,usedforcombatormaintenanceofbuildings;(5)duringtheperiodofwaterconservancyprojectconstructionforconstructiondiversion.Theshapeandsizeofsection2,thetunnel?Pressuretunnelfromstressconditions,thehydrauliccharacteristicsofgoodconsideration,thesectionformshouldberounded.Asectionsizeofpressuretunnelaccordingtothe hydrauliccalculationofaccounting--Determinationofdischargecapacityandalongtheslopeline.?Thecommonfaultofnonpressuretunneltype:circulararchandverticalwall,horseshoe.Thesectionsizeisdeterminedaccordingtotheapplication,thedischargecapacityandthewaterlinerequirement.3,inhydraulictunnelgateaccordingtothenatureoftheirworkisdividedintothegate,gate.Gateismainlyusedforflowadjustingandcontrollingorificeindynamicwaterclosinggateisusedtorepair;themaingateortunnelwhenwaterretainingthegeneralinthehydrostatichoist.4,thetunneliscomposedofinletsectionandexitsectionofthethreepart,thebodyofthecave.Thewaterinletformofverticalshaft,tower,towershoreslopeandfour.Tunnelbuildingsgenerallyinclude:water,bellgatechamberandtheventhole,horizontalpipeandtransitionsectionetc..Afterthedischargetunnelgateshouldbesetupairvents,itsroleistoairsupplyandexhaust.5,linerfunction(1)load;(2)strengtheningthesurroundingrock;(3)reducethesurfaceroughnessoftheholebody;(4)(5)topreventleakageprotectionofsurroundingrock.6,tunnelgroutingforbackfillgroutingandconsolidationgroutingaccordingtotheirdifferentpurpose.Backfillgroutingrole:tothegapbetweentheliningandrock fillingcompaction,theliningcombinedwithrock,improvetheliningforceconditions,sothatthesurroundingrockandliningloads.Consolidationgroutingeffectistoimprovethestrengthandintegrityofthesurroundingrock,andtheelasticresistanceandreliability,toimprovethestressconditionoftheliningstructure,andreducesleakage.Thetunneldrainageinordertoreducetheeffectofexternalwaterpressureonlining.Energydissipationfacilities,7tunnel:dischargetunnelmostlyusestheenergydissipationandenergydissipation.Inadditiontothesuddenexpansionofenergydissipation.8,rockpressure:stressiscausedbytheoriginalstressfieldredistributionaftertunnelexcavation,thesurroundingrockdeformation,looseninganddamageeffectofpressureonthelining.ThebigrockpressureThesmallmassandrockmass.Rockpressureiscalledthedeformationofrockpressureandtheformationofthesurroundingrockdeformationlimit;theliningbearscouldcollapserockpressurecalledlooserockpressure.Elasticresistance:resistanceforceofsurroundingrockliningdeformation,calledtheelasticresistanceofsurroundingrock. Thesurroundingrockpressureandelasticresistanceofdifferentsurroundingrockpressureistheactiveforceinthelining,andtheelasticresistanceisdynamic,andisconditional.9,withthehydraulicholestructuralcharacteristics,flowcharacteristicsandconstructioncharacteristics.10,culvertsunderdamgenerallybytheinletsection,andoutletpipefigurecomposition.Thepipebodyisgenerallyequippedwithseat,joints,waterring,Hanclothingandotherfacilities.Theeighthchapterdambuildingandcanalbuilding1,thebuildingisdividedintonavigationlockandshipliftLockfunction:istheuseofhydraulicconditionswillsendaboatfloatingdam,itstransportcapacity,lowfreight,safeandreliable,butlargewaterconsumption.Liftrole:theuseofmechanicalpowertosendshipspassingthedam,thewaterconsumptionissmall,fastconveyingspeed,wideapplicationrange,butcomplexmechanicaldevices,hightechnicalrequirements,lowtransportcapacity.2,lock:upstreamanddownstreamapproachchannel,theupperandthelowerlockheadandthelockchamber.Basicsizelock:includingtheeffectivedepthofeffective chamberlength,effectivewidthandgateonthesill.?lockarrangement,thegenerallayoutofthesidenearthethalweg.3,canalbuildingAqueduct:transportofwateracrosstheriverchannels,channels,roads,etc.becauseofthebuildingoverheadwatervalley.Composition:itiscomposedofwatertankbody,supportingstructure,foundationandtheimportandexportofbuildingcomponents.4,Straw:invertedsiphonistheintersectionwithroads,canalsorvalleysinthechannel,thepressurewaterconveyancestructurebuilding.Ithastheadvantagesoflowcostcomparedwiththeaqueduct,andtheconstructionisconvenient,butitsheadlossislarge,andconvenientoperationandmanagementastheaqueduct.Itisappliedtotheconstructionoftheaqueductisdifficult,orneedtobuildthehighfillchannellevelandthechannelsituation;incrossriverornearsurfaceelevation,isalsocommonlyusedStrawinvertedsiphon.Invertedsiphontubebody,bytheimportandexportofthreeparts.Dividedintoinclinedtubeandshaft.Theinletsectioncomprisesawaterinlet,gate,rack,openingandclosingstage,transitionsectionanddesiltingbasin.5,dropstructure:therearetwotypesofwaterandsteepslope.Allwaterfromthedownnozzleoutflow,afreethrow,finallyfallintothedownstreamstillingbasiniscomposedofaninlet,waterfallwaterfall;dropwallandsidewall,stillingbasinandexportparts. Whenthechannelsaretoosteepterrainarea,slopingchannelconnectingtheupstreamanddownstreamchannelsbysegment,theinclinedchannelslopethanthecriticalslope,calledsteepslope.Bytheentrance,steepslopeandenergydissipationfacilitiesandexportsection.6,theirrigationcanalsystemisgenerallydividedintostem,branch,bucket,agriculture,grossfivechannels,composedofirrigationsystem.Fourfixedchannels,andfinallyatemporarychannel.Ingeneral,drybranch,maincanalwater,calledthecanal.Bucket,agriculturaldrainagewaterplaysarole,calledwaterdistributionchannels.7,mainlybytheaqueducttroughbodysupportingstructure,Theninthchapterofwaterconservancy1,waterconservancyprojectdesignstage,stageofprefeasibilitystudystage,feasibilitystudystage,thedesignstage,thebiddingofconstructiondetails.?2,damtypeselectionfactorsshouldbeconsidered:thetopography,geologicalconditions,constructionmaterials,constructionconditions,comprehensivebenefits.Principle?Bendcirculationareappliedinthedamwaterdiversionprojectin.(x)?Nodamwaterintakegenerallysetintheconvexriver.(x)?NoBaYin Withthewaterdiversiondamlocationselectionprincipleofthesame(V?)?Thelayoutisthehubbuildingcompactlyarrangedtogether.(*)'