GB98513-1990印刷技术术语.pdf

'UDC655.3.001A17中华人民共和国国家标准GB9851.1^-9851.9-90印刷技术术语Terminologyofprintingtechnology1990一11一15发布1991一10一01实施国家技术监督局发布 中华人民共和国国家标准印刷技术术语GB9851.3一90图象制版术语代替GB9851.3-88Terminologyofprintingtechnology-Termsforimagereproduction1主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了印刷技术中图象制版术语及其定义(或说明)。本标准适用于印刷行业及与之有关专业编制标准、出版、教学、科研及供国内外技术业务交往使用。2引用标准GB9851.1印刷技术术语基本术语3图象制版imagereproduction用手工、照相、电子等制版方法复制图象原稿的总称。3.1照相制版photomechanicalreproduction原稿的象素通过照相系统转移到感光材料上的一种制版技术。3.2连续调continuoustone色调值呈连续渐变的画面阶调。3.3网目调halftone用网点大小表现的画面阶调。3.4阳图positive在黑白和彩色复制中，色调和灰调与被复制对象相一致的图象。3.5阴图negative在黑白和彩色复制中，色调和灰调与被复制对象相反的图象。3.6密度(光学密度)density(opticaldensity)物体吸收光线的特性量度，即人射光量与反射光量或透射光量之比，用透射率或反射率倒数的十进对数表示。3.6.1色密度colordensity彩色画面的密度，用透射率或反射率倒数的十进对数表示。3.6.2密度范围densityrange画面中最小至最大密度之间的范围。3.7阶调tone图象信息还原中，一个亮度均匀的面积的光学表现。3.7.1阶调值tonevalue阶调的量度。在印刷技术中通常用透射和反射的程度、密度表示.国家技术监督局1990一10一15批准1991一10一01实施16 GB9851.3一903.7.2极高光catchlight画面上最亮的光点。3.7.3亮调highlight画面上的明亮阶调。3.7.4中间调middletone画面上介于亮调和暗调之间的阶调。3.7.5暗调shadow画面上的阴暗阶调。3.8反差contrast原稿和复制品中最亮和最暗部位的密度差。3.9层次gradation图象上从最亮到最暗部分的密度等级。原稿original制版所依据的实物或载体上的图文信息。图象原稿pictureoriginal复制技术中被复制的照片、底片、画稿、印刷品等的总称。反射原稿reflectioncopy以不透明材料为图文信息载体的原稿。透射原稿transparentcopy以透明材料为图文信息载体的原稿。连续调原稿continuoustonecopy色调值呈连续渐变的原稿。线条原稿linecopy由黑白或彩色线条组成图文的原稿。彩色正片原稿colortransparency以透明材料为图文信息载体的彩色阳片原稿。彩色负片原稿colornegative以透明材料为图文信息载体的彩色(多为补色)阴片原稿。实物原稿objectoriginal复制技术中以实物作为复制对象的总称。复制技术reproductiontechnology用手工、照相、电子或印刷方法仿制原稿的工艺过程。5.1基本色basiccolor进行色混合的各个单色。5.2原色primarycolors可混合生成所有其他色的三基色。加色混合:红、绿、蓝光;减色混合:青、品红、黄色。5.2.1青色cyan蓝、绿色光相加色。彩色印刷基本色之一。5.2.2品红色magenta蓝、红色光相加色。彩色印刷基本色之一。5.2.3黄色yellow GB9851.3一90红、绿色光相加色。彩色印刷基本色之一。5.3补色complementarycolor加色混合后成白光或灰光的两个互补色光;减色混合后成黑色或灰色的两个互补色料。5.4加色法additiveprocess按红、绿、蓝三原色光的加色混合原理生成新色光的方法。5.5减色法subtractiveprocess按黄、品红、青三原色料(如颜料、油墨)减色混合原理成色的方法。5.6色平衡colorbalance照相原稿的彩色感光材料或印刷用彩色油墨的颜色还原平衡。5.7灰平衡greybalance黄、品红、青三色版按不同网点面积配比在印刷中生成中性灰。5.8色彩还原colorrendition原稿色彩和复制品色彩之间色调再现的关系。5.9细微还原reproductionofdetails图象复制中还原原稿细微层次的特性。5.10曝光exposure用光照射感光涂层，以获得一种潜在或可见图象的过程。5.11显影，development用还原剂把软片或印版上经曝光形成的潜象显现出来的过程。5.12定影fixing用化学药品去除感光涂层中未曝光或未还原的物质，如卤化银，使图文固定的过程。5.13校色colorcorrection彩色图象复制中，使印刷的色还原更接近原稿的分色片修正工艺。5.14修版retouching对分色片进行修整，以弥补缺陷、改善色调还原以及对局部图象进行加工的工艺。5.15蒙版masking照相制版中，用蒙片修正画面色彩和阶调以及遮盖某些局部的工艺。5.15.1蒙片mask照相制版中，用以修正画面色彩、阶调，或遮盖某些局部的模版，用感光胶片或不透明的切割膜制成.5.16拷贝copy复制技术中，用底片与感光材料接触曝光，复制图文的过程，泛指对原物的模仿和复制。5.16.1反转拷贝法reversalcopyingprocess从阳图直接拷制阳图，或从阴图直接拷制阴图的拷贝方法。5.16.2拷贝原版originalfilmforcopying用于拷贝的图文底片。5.17底色去除undercolorremoval(UCR)在四色复制中，用三原色还原灰色和黑色时，降低三原色比例，相应增加黑色比例的工艺。5.18底色增益undercoloraddition(UCA)增加深暗调处的基本色量，提高图象密度的一种工艺。5.19滤色片filter.对可见光作选择吸收和透过的透明介质。5.19.1分色滤色片colorseparationfilter18 Gs9851.3一90分色制版时置入光路中对可见光作选择吸收和透过的彩色透明介质。5.19.2中性滤色片neutralfilter对可见光均匀减低光量的灰色透明介质。5.20色谱coloratlas用标准青、品红、黄、黑油墨，按不同网点百分比叠印成各种色彩的色块的总和。5.21色标colorpatch用实地和(或)网目调色块表示的基本色及其混合色的标准;制版印刷时也可作为各分色版的标记。5.22灰梯尺greyscale阶调从白至黑或从明至暗以一定密度差逐级排列的软片、纸质或玻璃条。5.23测控条controlstrip由网点、实地、线条等测标组成的软片条，用以判断和控制拷贝、晒版、打样和印刷时的信息转移。5.24预打样prepressproofing在修版和打样前，用模拟印刷油墨色相的基本色(色粉、色膜等)，或用电子方法在屏幕上依据分色片制作彩色样，用以预先检验分色片质量的方法。5.25印刷复制特性曲线characteristiccurveofprintingandreproduction描述原稿到印刷品各个复制环节密度或网点之间关系的曲线。5.26密度计densitometer测量密度值用的仪器，有透射和反射之分。5.27透射度transmission物体的透光度。物体透射的辐射功率除以入射到物体上的总辐射功率，亦称透射比(等于不透明度的倒数)。5.28不透明度。pacity物体的阻光度。不透明度用人射的辐射功率与通过的辐射功率之比来表示(等于透射度的倒数)。5.29龟纹moire由于各色版所用网点角度安排不当等原因，印刷图象出现不应有的花纹。5.30光晕halation光在乳剂内散射或在片基上反射所形成的一种现象。图象分解picturebreakdown把原稿连续调图象分割成无数极小的、在正常视距内人眼难以分辨的象素的图象复制工艺。分色colorseparation把彩色原稿分解成各单色版的过程。照相分色photographiccolorseparation用照相方法，通过滤色片将彩色原稿分解成各单色版的过程。电子分色electronicscanning用电子扫描方式将彩色原稿分解成各单色版的过程。分色片colorseparationfilm通过分色把彩色原稿分解成的单色(基本色)线条、连续调或网点阴图、阳图底片。电子整页拼版electronicpagemake-up依据事先制定的版式，用电子方法把文字和图象信息组成整页版面的过程。制版照相机processcamera照相制版用设备。有卧式、立式、吊式及特殊机型等。 GB9851.3一90电子分色机electroniccolorscanner用电子扫描分色方式将彩色原稿分解成各单色版的设备。电子图象处理系统electronicimageprocessingsystem依据事先制定的版式，用电子方法处理图象和文字信息，并组成整页版面输出的综合系统。加网screening复制技术中，通过网屏把连续调原稿或分色片分解成可印刷的象素(网点或网穴)的过程。7.1电子加网‘electronicscreening在电子分色机上通过网点发生器对原稿进行加网的过程。用激光束进行电子加网时亦称激光加网。7.2直接加网directscreening通过接触网屏或玻璃网屏在分色的同时进行加网的制版工艺.7.3接触加网contactscreening原稿或连续调分色片与接触网屏、感光软片密合曝光加网的制版工艺。7.4象素pictureelement构成图象的基本单元通过图象分解，由这种图象单元与空白的对比再现连续调效果。7.5网点screendot组成网点图象的象素，通过面积和(或)墨量变化再现原稿浓淡效果。7.5.1网线角度screenangle网点中心连线与水平线的夹角。7.5.2网点形状screendotshape网点的几何形态。有方形、圆形、链条形和线条形等。7.5.3网点覆盖面积dotcoverarea在一个被分解成象素和非象素的图面中，象素面积的总和。7.5.4网点覆盖率dotareacoverage网点覆盖面积与总面积之比，通常用百分数表示。7.5.5网点阳图halftonepositive用网点大小表现画面图象浓淡的阳图底片。7.5.6网点阴图halftonenegative用网点大小表现画面图象浓淡的阴图底片。7.6网屏screen把连续调图象分解成可印刷复制的象素(网点或网穴)的加网工具。7.6.1接触网屏contactscreen加网时与感光材料密合接触的胶片网屏。7.6.2网屏密度范围screenrange网屏可再现的密度范围，即网屏上最大和最小密度值之差。同义词网屏宽容度7.7去网descreening把网点图象恢复成连续调图象的过程。晒版printingdown用接触曝光的方法把阴图或阳图底片的信息转移到印版或其他感光材料上的过程。8.1晒版原版originalfilmforprintingdown GB9851.3一90用于晒版的图文底片。8.2连晒step-and-repeat用同一晒版原版按预定位置在印版上连续晒制多幅相同图象的工艺.8.3涂布coating在工件，如版材上涂覆涂料的生产过程。静电照相electrophotography在带有静电荷的光电半导体层上通过曝光产生静电潜象，用带相反极性电荷的色粉或色剂显影的照相方法。 GB9851.3一90附录A按汉语拼音字母顺序排列的索引(参考件)A暗调·...............................................3.7.5黄色·····，···························，.·····⋯⋯5.2.3灰平衡·········································⋯⋯5.7补色···········································⋯⋯5.3灰梯尺····，··································⋯⋯5.22不透明度·......................··············⋯⋯5.28基本色”···············，·····················，·⋯5.1彩色负片原稿···········，，······················一4.7极高光··，···································⋯⋯3.7.2彩色正片原稿······················⋯⋯，’·⋯⋯4.6加色法··········································⋯⋯5.4测控条··，································⋯⋯、⋯⋯5.23加网·.....................................................7层次·.................................................3.9减色法4·····································⋯⋯5.5校色·..................................................5.13接触加网······················，················⋯⋯7.3底色去除·............................................5.17接触网屏··································⋯⋯7.6.1底色增益·······································⋯⋯5.18阶调································。·········⋯⋯3.7电子分色·......................··············⋯⋯6·3阶调值·......................................·一3.7.1电子分色机·.........................................6.7静电照相······‘········，甲，·······‘-···一，二，二9电子加网·················，，，···················，一7.1电子图象处理系统·······。，··················⋯⋯6.8电子整页拼版·································⋯⋯6.5拷贝············································⋯⋯5.16定影···························，················⋯⋯5.12拷贝原版···......................................5.16.2反差·······················...........................3.8连晒···························，···。············⋯⋯8.2反射原稿·······································⋯⋯4.2连续调···························，··············⋯⋯3.2反转拷贝法····················‘···········⋯⋯5.16.1连续调原稿··································。·⋯⋯4·4分色···········································一6.1亮调，························，···，············⋯⋯3.7.3分色片··········‘······，····，，·····。·······，，·⋯⋯6.4滤色片，，··，，·····················，·············⋯⋯5.19分色滤色片，················，·····。·········⋯⋯5.19.1复制技术······························.·..·..·..·.⋯⋯5密度(光学密度)······························⋯⋯3.6密度范围····.....................................3.6.2光晕····-··················。······⋯⋯5.30密度计····················，········‘·····，···，⋯5.26龟纹····。。····················，·················⋯⋯5.29蒙版·。···························，·····‘·········⋯⋯5.15蒙片································。··。······⋯⋯5.15.1 GB9851.3一90网点形状···································⋯⋯7.5.2网点阳图·.........................................7.5.5品红色····················‘···············⋯⋯5.2.2网点阴图·······························，····⋯⋯7.5.6曝光···········································⋯⋯5.10网目调·..........................................·一3.3网屏，···。······························，········⋯⋯7.6网屏密度范围······························⋯⋯7.62青色5.2.1网线角度·..................................⋯⋯7.5.1去网7.细微还原···，，·······，·····‘--...............---05.9晒版············，···············⋯⋯，’···········⋯⋯8线条原稿·······································⋯⋯4.5晒版原版···，············，...........................8.1显影...................................................sn色标·.............................................·一5.21象素························........................7.4色彩还原·······································⋯⋯5.8修版···························，················⋯⋯5.14色密度······...........................·····，二3.6.1色平衡...........................................·一5.6色谱·..................................................5.20阳图··············，···························⋯⋯3.4实物原稿··························，，····。···。·⋯⋯4.8印刷复制特性曲线···························⋯⋯5.25阴图···························。···············⋯⋯3.5预打样·····4······，·...............................5.24透射度“···················，，···················⋯⋯5.27原稿··，·················，··························⋯⋯4透射原稿·............................................4.3原色············································⋯⋯5.2涂布·，·‘···········‘··‘，，··，·····，·······‘·····，··⋯8.3图象分解··。···························，···········⋯⋯6图象原稿·······································⋯⋯4.1照相分色··········价············。············⋯⋯6.2图象制版····，························，············⋯⋯3照相制版·······，··········，·，··················一3.1制版照相机···································⋯⋯6·6W直接加网········，，····························一7.2网点······················，····················⋯⋯7.中间调·······································⋯⋯3.7.4网点覆盖率·中性滤色片································⋯⋯5.19.2网点覆盖面积:.:.: GB9851，3一90附录B按英文字母顺序排列的索引(参考件)5.4additiveprocess.-........................-..................⋯⋯协5.1basiccolor3.7.2catchlightcharacteristiccurveofprintingandreproduction.................**-"，·......................······，···⋯⋯5.25coating···，··。·········。··········，·············..·⋯⋯‘二‘。·.··4二“··.··⋯⋯’········.··.·····················。⋯8.35.20coloratlas5.6colorbalance5.13colorcorrection二。⋯。‘......-.。，.‘...⋯⋯。二。...⋯⋯‘..⋯⋯。.，.‘..⋯⋯，.“....--..一‘..........-..--.-..-.，..⋯3.6.1colordensity4.7colornegative5.21colorpatch5.8colorrendition6.1colorseparation6.4colorseparationfilmter5.19.1colorseparationcolortransparency⋯’··⋯⋯‘二’二’二’二’·”’‘’“二’犷”“‘’‘’‘’“’.””””””’‘””“‘’‘’“·“““‘’·““‘’“二4.6complementarycolor，····⋯⋯“.··，⋯⋯‘·‘⋯’·.........................一’.................................5.3......一‘...............................-..................⋯⋯，...........-⋯‘⋯⋯，-..............-.7.6。炉ntactscreen7.3con扭etscreening叹勺盯!‘rnntinuoustoneJJ得认.continuoustonecopy，八︺。丹contrast50内J-‘..-二“‘---.......-...-.‘....................-.“⋯⋯，.controlstrip亡1八db.上copy5.2,1Cyandensitometer二。.o.创.........⋯⋯‘.......⋯⋯‘.⋯脚......................⋯⋯5.332.6density(opticaldensity).⋯。⋯‘.....一。⋯‘..⋯⋯，。..⋯⋯，，.，.-.⋯⋯。.3.6range.。一‘.-.‘-......................-......-.⋯卜，....-..⋯，.‘........................⋯⋯‘⋯‘................--descreening57..1171development2魂 Gs9851.3一90directscreening7.2dotareacoverage···························································································⋯⋯7.5.4dotcoverarea·····。·一。⋯。.·············。·····，·····。·⋯。·················，······.。。。······················⋯⋯7.5.3electroniccolorscanner····。·⋯。·.·.·.·。······································。···。。.·························⋯⋯6.7electronicimageprocessingsystem....................................................................................6.8electronicpagemake-up··············，·····································································。····⋯⋯6.5electronicscanning·····························································································‘····一6.3electronicscreening····························································································⋯⋯7.1electrophotography·····························································································⋯⋯9exposure···················································...........................filter····。..。····⋯⋯。·································。··。·················。·。·····························，⋯⋯5.19fixing··················································.................................Ggradation3.9balance5.7::::scale5.22halation5.30halftone3.3halftonenegative:‘:.:halftonepositivehighlight3.7.3imagereproductionlinecopy·······································。·········································.·······················⋯⋯4.5Mmagenta······⋯⋯。···································································。·····················⋯⋯5.2.2mask。········.·····························。。··。·····.·······················································⋯⋯5.15.1masking·······················································。········································.··········⋯⋯5.巧middletone······················。..···············。···.······。····..................................................3.7.4moue········。················.··········⋯⋯。················。·······。·········。····。·。·⋯‘·················⋯⋯5.29negative3.5 GB9851.3一90neutralfilter二。⋯。·..··.·········，·.·.·。·································.························。一。。二。.·⋯5.19.2Oobjectoriginal·······················，··················..................................···············，·······⋯⋯4.8opacity..............................................................................................................·一5.28original··························‘·······························。···································，···············⋯⋯4originalfilmforcopying···········，·····································“···················‘··.········⋯⋯5.16.2originalfilmforprintingdown······，·····‘·······，·········，-·‘······，，··，·····‘⋯⋯，一，一8.1Pphotographiccolorseparation···················································································一6.2photomechanicalreproduction·························，，，····。················································⋯⋯3.1picturebreakdown···············，·，·，·············，·，·，，················，·，，，···················，，····⋯⋯6pictureelement················.............................................····，·····························⋯⋯7.4pictureoriginal··················......................................................................................4.1positive···········································。··············。·······················。······一犷········⋯⋯3.4prepressproofing····················，········································，，，······················，·······⋯⋯5.24primarycolors············‘···‘···，······，··········。·········，········‘········，，···············。····，·，········一5.2printingdown...............................................................................................................8processcamera········································........................，····················，···········⋯⋯6.6Rreflectioncopy················，··············‘······，。，，，，’。·········，········，·····················。·······⋯⋯‘.2reproductionofdetails...........···················...................................................................5.9reproductiontechnology...............................·····················........................................5retouching····································································································⋯⋯5.14reversalcopyingprocess·······························。，·⋯⋯，.···········.··························⋯⋯5.16.1Sscreen··。··。···。·····。··。·。········。。······。··············44············..。················..。·。····，，，..····⋯⋯7.6screenangle···············⋯⋯“··············································································⋯⋯7.5.1screendot‘··············。。··。·。·‘⋯。二。·....···。···。·····。·····················，··········。···················。···。⋯7.5screendotshape7.5。2screening.介’7.6.2screenrangeshadow3.7.5step-and-repeatR.夕subtractiveprocess5.5tone3.7tonevalue3.7.transmission5.27 GB9851.3一90transparentcopy····..................····，，···········，，···········“·，，，，，········，···“·····，·······，⋯4.undercoloraddition(UCA)--···········································。····························，，⋯5.18undercolorremoval(UCR)······································································，······⋯⋯5.17yellow·················································，··························································⋯⋯5.2.3附加说明:本标准由中华人民共和国新闻出版署提出。本标准由中华人民共和国新闻出版署归口。本标准由中国印刷科学技术研究所和上海印刷技术研究所负责起草。本标准主要起草人曹国强。'