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工程水文学习题年径流及年输沙量

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'第五章年径流及年输沙量分析与计算本章学习的内容和意义:年径流及年输沙量的分析计算是为水利水电工程的规划设计服务的,年径流分析计算成果与用水资料相配合,进行水库调节计算,便可求出水库的兴利库容;多年平均输沙量计算成果为水库死水位的选择提供了重要依据。同时,年径流分析计算成果是进行水资源评价的重要依据,也是制定和实施国民经济计划的重要依据之一。年径流及年输沙量的分析计算主要包括年径流变化及其影响因素,设计年径流分析计算,设计年径流的年内分配;枯水流量分析计算;多年平均输沙量的估算。本章习题内容主要涉及:年径流和年输沙量的资料审查;年径流量的频率分析计算;年径流量的相关分析及插补延长;设计年径流量的推求;设计年径流的年内分配;无资料地区设计年径流量及其年内分配的推求;枯水流量分析计算;年、月输沙量和设计年输沙量及其年内分配的分析计算。一、概念题(一)填空题1、某一年的年径流量与多年平均的年径流量之比称为。2、描述河川径流变化特性时可用变化和变化来描述。3、下墊面对年径流的影响,一方面,另一方面。4、对同一条河流而言,一般年径流流量系列Qi(m3/s)的均值从上游到下游是。5、对同一条河流而言,一般年径流量系列Cv值从上游到下游是。6、湖泊和沼泽对年径流的影响主要反映在两个方面,一方面由于增加了,使年径流量减少;另一方面由于增加了,使径流的年内和年际变化趋缓。7、流域的大小对年径流的影响主要通过流域的而影响年径流的变化。8、根据水文循环周期特征,使年降雨量和其相应的年径流量不被分割而划分的年度称为。9、为方便兴利调节计算而划分的年度称为。10、水文资料的“三性”审查是指对资料的、和进行审查。11、对年径流系列一致性审查是建立在气候条件和下墊面条件稳定性上的,一般认为是相对稳定的,主要由于受到明显的改变使资料一致性受到破坏。12、当年径流系列一致性遭到破坏时,必须对受到人类活动影响时期的水文资料进行计算,使之状态。planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 13、流域的上游修建引水工程后,使下游实测资料的一致性遭到破坏,在资料一致性改正中,一定要将资料修正到引水工程建成的同一基础上。14、在缺乏实测径流资料时,年径流量的估算常用一些间接的方法(如参数等值线图法,经验公式法,水文比拟法等)。采用这些方法的前提是。15、流量历时曲线是。16、在一定的兴利目标下,设计年径流的设计频率愈大,则相应的设计年径流量就愈,要求的水库兴利库容就愈。17、当缺乏实测径流资料时,可以基于参证流域用水文比拟法来推求设计流域的年、月径流系列。18、年径流设计成果合理性分析,主要是对配线的均值,偏差变差系数进行合理性分析。19、在干旱半干旱地区,年雨量与年径流量之间的关系不密切,若引入为参数,可望改善年雨量与年径流量的关系。20、月降雨量与月径流量之间的关系一般较差,其主要有两个原因:(1);(2)月降雨量与其形成的月径流深在时间上不对应。21、月降雨量与月径流量之间的关系一般较差,其主要有两个原因:(1)枯水期月径流量与月降水量在成因上联系较弱;(2)。22、推求设计代表年年径流量的年内分配时,选择典型年的原则有二:(1);(2)。23、在典型年的选择中,当选出的典型年不只一个时,对灌溉工程,应该选取。24、在典型年的选择中,当选出的典型年不只一个时,对水电工程,应该选取。25、设计代表年法选取典型年后,求设计年径流量的年内分配所需的缩放系数K等于。26、实际代表年法选取典型年后,该典型年的各月径流量。27、在进行频率计算时,枯水流量常采用。28、枯水径流变化相当稳定,是因为它主要来源于。29、按河流泥沙的来源和形成机理,可将流域产沙分为和两个过程。30、常用来表示输沙特性的指标有。31、推移质输沙率是指。32、单位水样含沙量是指。33、多年平均输沙量是指。(二)选择题planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 1、我国年径流深分布的总趋势基本上是[]。a、自东南向西北递减b、自东南向西北递增c、分布基本均匀d、自西向东递增2、径流是由降水形成的,故年径流与年降水量的关系[]。a、一定密切b、一定不密切c、在湿润地区密切d、在干旱地区密切3、人类活动对流域多年平均降水量的影响一般[]。a、很显著b、显著c、不显著d、根本没影响4、流域中的湖泊围垦以后,流域多年平均年径流量一般比围垦前[]。a、增大b、减少c、不变d、不肯定5、人类活动(例如修建水库、灌溉、水土保持等)通过改变下墊面的性质间接影响年径流量,一般说来,这种影响使得[]。a、蒸发量基本不变,从而年径流量增加b、蒸发量增加,从而年径流量减少c、蒸发量基本不变,从而年径流量减少d、蒸发量增加,从而年径流量增加6、一般情况下,对于大流域由于下述原因,从而使径流的年际、年内变化减小[]。a、调蓄能力弱,各区降水相互补偿作用大b、调蓄能力强,各区降水相互补偿作用小c、调蓄能力弱,各区降水相互补偿作用小d、调蓄能力强,各区降水相互补偿作用大7、在年径流系列的代表性审查中,一般将[c]的同名统计参数相比较,当两者大致接近时,则认为设计变量系列具有代表性。a、参证变量长系列与设计变量系列b、同期的参证变量系列与设计变量系列c、参证变量长系列与设计变量同期的参证变量系列d、参证变量长系列与设计变量非同期的参证变量系列8、绘制年径流频率曲线,必须已知[]。a、年径流的均值、、和线型b、年径流的均值、、线型和最小值c、年径流的均值、、和最小值d、年径流的均值、、最大值和最小值9、频率为的枯水年的年径流量为,则十年一遇枯水年是指[b]。a、的年径流量每隔十年必然发生一次b、的年径流量平均十年可能出现一次planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 c、的年径流量每隔十年必然发生一次d、的年径流量平均十年可能出现一次10、某站的年径流量频率曲线的,那么频率为50%的中水年的年径流量[]。a、大于多年平均年径流量b、大于等于多年平均年径流量c、小于多年平均年径流量d、等于多年平均年径流量11、频率为的丰水年的年径流量为,则十年一遇丰水年是指[c]。a、的年径流量每隔十年必然发生一次;b、的年径流量每隔十年必然发生一次;c、的年径流量平均十年可能出现一次;d、的年径流量平均十年可能出现一次。12、甲乙两河,通过实测年径流量资料的分析计算,获得各自的年径流均值、和离势系数,如下甲河:=100m3/s,=0.42;乙河:=500m3/s,=0.25二者比较可知[]。a、甲河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化大b、甲河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化小c、乙河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化大d、乙河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化小13、甲乙两河,通过实测年径流资料的分析计算,得各自的年径流量均值、和均方差、如下甲河:=100m3/s,=42m3/s;乙河:=1000m3/s,=200m3/s两河相比,可知[]。a、乙河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化小b、乙河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化大c、甲河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化大d、甲河水资源丰富,径流量年际变化小14、中等流域的年径流值一般较邻近的小流域的年径流值[]。a、大b、小c、相等d、大或相等15、某流域根据实测年径流系列资料,经频率分析计算(配线)确定的频率曲线如图1-5-1所示,则推求出的二十年一遇的设计枯水年的年径流量为[]。a、Q1b、Q2c、Q3d、Q4planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 图1-5-1某流域年径流的频率曲线16、设计年径流量随设计频率[]。a、增大而减小b、增大而增大c、增大而不变d、减小而不变17、衡量径流的年际变化常用[]。a、年径流偏态系数b、多年平均径流量c、年径流变差系数d、年径流模数18、用多年平均径流深等值线图,求图1-5-2所示的设计小流域的多年平均径流深y0为[]。a、y0=y1b、y0=y3c、y0=y5d、图1-5-2用多年平均径流深等值线图求设计小流域的多年平均径流深19、在设计年径流的分析计算中,把短系列资料展延成长系列资料的目的是[a]。a、增加系列的代表性b、增加系列的可靠性c、增加系列的一致性d、考虑安全20、某流域多年平均径流深等值线图如图1-5-3所示,该流域的多年平均年径流深y0为[]。a、y0=y03b、y0=y02c、y0=y01d、planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 图1-5-3用多年平均径流深等值线图求设计小流域的多年平均径流深21、用多年平均年径流深等值线图求小流域的多年平均年径流时,其值等于[]。a、该流域出口处等值线值b、该流域重心处等值线值c、以上二值的平均值d、该流域离出口处最远点的等值线值22、在典型年的选择中,当选出的典型年不只一个时,对灌溉工程应选取[]。a、灌溉需水期的径流比较枯的年份b、非灌溉需水期的径流比较枯的年份c、枯水期较长,且枯水期径流比较枯的年份d、丰水期较长,但枯水期径流比较枯的年份23、在典型年的选择中,当选出的典型年不只一个时,对水电工程应选取[]。a、灌溉需水期的径流比较枯的年份b、非灌溉需水期的径流比较枯的年份c、枯水期较长,且枯水期径流比较枯的年份d、丰水期较长,但枯水期径流比较枯的年份24、枯水径流变化相当稳定,是因为它主要来源于[b]。a、地表径流b、地下蓄水c、河网蓄水d、融雪径流25、在进行频率计算时,说到某一重现期的枯水流量时,常以[]。a、大于该径流的概率来表示b、大于和等于该径流的概率来表示c、小于该径流的概率来表示d、小于和等于该径流的概率来表示26、对于某一流域来说,影响流域年产沙量变化的主要因素是[c]。a、土壤地质条件b、流域及河道坡度c、年暴雨量的大小和暴雨强度d、流域植被的好坏27、一条河流泥沙的年际、年内变化,与径流的年际、年内变化相比,通常是[a]。a、前者大于后者b、后者大于前者c、二者差不多d、不能肯定28、洪水过程中,沙峰与洪峰[d]。a、同时出现b、前者早于后者c、前者迟于后者d、以上三种情况均有可能planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 29、河流年输沙量的变差系数Cv,s与年径流的变差系数Cv,Q相比,通常是[]。a、Cv,s=Cv,Qb、Cv,s﹥Cv,Qc、Cv,s﹤Cv,Qd、不能肯定(三)判断题1、湿润地区,降水量多,年径流系数小,从而使年径流量与年降水量关系密切。[]2、湿润地区,降水量较多,年径流系数大,从而使年径流量与年降水量关系密切。[]3、干旱地区降水量较少,年蒸发系数较大,从而使年径流量与年降水量关系密切。[]4、干旱地区,降水量较少,年蒸发系数较大,从而使年径流量与年降水量关系不密切。[]5、干旱地区,降水量较少,年径流系数较小,从而使年径流量与年降水量关系不密切。[]6、下垫面对年径流量的影响,一方面表现在流域蓄水能力上,另一方面通过对气候条件的改变间接影响年径流量。[]7、小流域与同一地区中等流域相比较,其多年平均径流深两者相等。[]8、小流域与同一地区中等流域相比较,一般小流域的多年平均径流深Cv值小。[]9、影响年径流变化的主要因素是下垫面因素。[]10、流域上游修建引水工程后,使下游实测资料的一致性遭到破坏,在资料一致性改正中,一定要将资料修正到工程建成后的同一基础上。[]11、年径流系列的代表性,是指该样本对年径流总体的接近程度。[]12、年径流系列资料代表性审查中,一般将设计变量与参证变量同期系列的统计参数相比较,只要是两者大致接近时,则认为设计变量系列具有代表性。[]13、《水文年鉴》上刊布的数字是按日历年分界的。[]14、五年一遇的设计枯水年,其相应频率为80%。[]15、五年一遇的丰水年,其相应频率为80%。[]16、设计频率为50%的平水年,其设计径流量等于多年平均径流量。[]17、设计年径流计算中,设计频率愈大其相应的设计年径流量就愈大。[]18、利用相关分析展延得到的年径流资料不宜过多,否则有使设计站设计年径流量减小的趋势。[]19、参证变量与设计断面径流量的相关系数愈大,说明两者在成因上的关系愈密切。[]20、在典型年的选择中,当选出的典型年不只一个时,对灌溉工程,应该选取枯水期较长,且枯水期径流又较枯的年份。[]21、设计年径流中,典型年的选择不只一个时,对于水电工程,应选取枯水期较长,且枯水期径流又较枯的年份。[]planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 22、在设计年径流分析计算中,若已知年径流频率曲线便可推求符合某一设计保证率的年径流量及年内分配过程。[]23、设计年径流年内分配计算中,由于采用同一缩放倍比来缩放丰、平、枯水三种典型年,因此称此为同倍比缩放法。[]24、设计年径流成果合理性分析中,可将设计年径流量直接与多年平均径流深等值线图比较,借以说明此设计年径流量的合理性。[]25、在年径流分析计算中,由于采用无偏估计公式计算参数,从而减小了年径流系列的抽样误差。[]26、减少年径流系列的抽样误差,最有效的方法是提高资料的代表性。[]27、年径流设计成果合理性分析,主要是对由公式计算得到的均值、离势系数和偏态系数进行合理性审查。[]28、当设计代表站具有长系列实测径流资料时,枯水流量可按年最小选样原则,选取一年中最小的时段径流量,组成样本系列。[]29、枯水流量常采用不足概率q,即以大于和等于该径流的概率来表示。[]30、影响河流输沙量的气候因素中,降水、气温和风是最大的影响因素。[]31、人类活动可以减少河流的输沙量。[](四)问答题1、何谓年径流?它的表示方法和度量单位是什么?2、某流域下游有一个较大的湖泊与河流连通,后经人工围垦湖面缩小很多。试定性地分析围垦措施对正常年径流量、径流年际变化和年内变化有何影响?3、人类活动对年径流有哪些方面的影响?其中间接影响如修建水利工程等措施的实质是什么?如何影响年径流及其变化?4、何谓保证率?若某水库在运行100年中有85年保证了供水要求,其保证率为多少?破坏率又为多少?5、日历年度、水文年度、水利年度的涵义各如何?6、简述年径流年内、年际变化的主要特性?7、水文资料的“三性”审查指的是什么?如何审查资料的代表性?8、如何分析判断年径流系列代表性的好坏?怎样提高系列的代表性?9、若年径流量与年降水量之间的回归线近似为幂函数,试以分析法为例说明推求其回归方程的方法步骤?planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 10、资料情况及测站分布如表1-5-1和图1-5-4,现拟在C处建一水库,试简要说明展延C处年径流系列的计算方案?表1-5-1测站资料情况表测站集水面积(km2)实测资料长度(年)A3600流量1952~1985年B1000流量1958~1985年C2400流量1976~1985年D72500流量1910~1985年图1-5-4测站分布图11、资料情况及测站分布如表1-5-2和图1-5-5,已知甲、乙、丙三站的流域自然地理条件近似,试简要说明插补丙站流量资料的可能方案有哪些?表1-5-2测站资料情况表测站流域面积(km2)实测资料年限甲5100流量1964~1985乙2000流量1965~1985丙2500流量1966~1968,1971~1983水位1966~1968,1971~1985雨量1966~1985丁雨量1966~1985图1-5-5测站分布图12、怎样选择参证站?单站(一个站)的年雨量能否作为展延年径流系列的参证变量?planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 13、月降雨径流相关图上点据散乱的原因是什么?14、缺乏实测资料时,怎样推求设计年径流量?15、水文比拟法的实质怎样?在推求设计年径流量时如何运用这一方法?16、长系列年月径流资料和代表年月径流资料的用途有何不同?17、为什么年径流的CV值可以绘制等值线图?从图上查出小流域的CV值一般较其实际值偏大还是偏小?为什么?18、展延年径流系列的关键是选取参证变量,简述参证变量应具备的条件?19、推求设计年径流量的年内分配时,应遵循什么原则选择典型年?20、简述具有长期实测资料情况下,用设计代表年法推求年内分配的方法步骤?21、时段枯水流量与时段径流量在选样方法上有何不同?22、枯水流量与年径流量在频率计算上有何异同?23、实测泥沙资料充足时,如何推求流域多年平均悬移质输沙量及其年内、年际变化?24、实测泥沙资料不足时,如何推求流域多年平均悬移质输沙量及其年内、年际变化?25、影响流域产沙的主要因素有哪些?26、黄河下游的输沙量近20多年呈减少趋势,你认为可能由哪些原因所致?27、人类活动对流域产沙有何影响?怎样才能有效地减少河流泥沙?二、计算题1、某流域的集水面积为600km2,其多年平均径流总量为5亿m3,试问其多年平均流量、多年平均径流深、多年平均径流模数为多少?2、某水库垻址处共有21年年平均流量Qi的资料,已计算出,(1)求年径流量均值,离势系数Cv,均方差s?(2)设Cs=2Cv时,P-III型曲线与经验点配合良好,试按表1-5-3求设计保证率为90%时的设计年径流量?表1-5-3P—III型曲线离均系数F值表(P=90%)Cs0.20.30.40.50.6F-1.26-1.24-1.23-1.22-1.203、某站年径流系列符合P—III型分布,已知该系列的,s=162.55mm,Cs=2Cv,试结合表planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 1-5-4计算设计保证率P=90%时的设计年径流量?表1-5-4P—III型曲线离均系数F值表(P=90%)Cs0.20.30.40.50.6F-1.26-1.24-1.23-1.22-1.204、某河某站有24年实测径流资料,经频率计算已求得理论频率曲线为P—III型,年径流深均值,Cv=0.32,Cs=2.0Cv,试结合表1-5-5求十年一遇枯水年和十年一遇丰水年的年径流深各为多少?表1-5-5P—III型曲线离均系数F值表P(%)Cs1105090990.642.781.33-0.09-0.19-1.850.662.791.33-0.09-0.19-1.845、某水库多年平均流量=15m3/s,Cv=0.25,Cs=2.0Cv,年径流理论频率曲线为P—III型。(1)按表1-5-6求该水库设计频率为90%的年径流量?(2)按表1-5-7径流年内分配典型,求设计年径流的年内分配?表1-5-6P—III型频率曲线模比系数Kp值表(Cs=2.0Cv)P(%)Cv2050759095990.201.160.990.860.750.700.890.251.200.980.820.700.630.520.301.240.970.780.640.560.44表1-5-7枯水代表年年内分配典型月份123456789101112年年内分配(%)1.03.310.513.213.736.67.35.92.13.51.71.21006、某流域面积F=852km2,多年平均降雨1250mm,年降雨量均方差sP=225mm,多年平均流量=20m3/s,其均方差sQ=3.46m3/s,已知该流域年径流深R与流域年降雨量P呈直线相关关系,相关系数r=0.87。试推求年降雨量为1000mm时相应的年径流深?7、某水文站有28年实测径流资料,经频率计算已求得理论频率曲线为P—III型,年径流深均值,Cs=2Cv=0.6,试用表1-5-8求二十年一遇枯水年的年径流深?planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 表1-5-8P—III型频率曲线模比系数Kp值表(Cs=2.0Cv)P(%)Cv2050759095990.201.160.990.860.750.700.890.251.200.980.820.700.630.520.301.240.970.780.640.560.448、某水文站有32年实测年径流资料,经频率分析计算,知频率曲线为P—III型,并求得频率P=90%的离均系数F90%=-1.216,模比系数K90%=0.70,已知十年一遇设计枯水年年径流深RP与年径流深均值的差值为-RP=190mm,试求十年一遇设计枯水年年径流深RP?9、某水库有24年实测径流资料,经频率计算已求得频率曲线为P—III型,统计参数为:多年平均径流深=711.0mm,Cv=0.30,Cs=2Cv,试结合表1-5-9推求该水库十年一遇丰水年的年径流深?表1-5-9P—III型曲线离均系数F值表P(%)Cs1105090950.602.7551.329-0.099-1.200-1.4580.652.7901.331-0.108-1.192-1.44110、某水文站多年平均流量=266m3/s,Cv=0.20,Cs=0.40,试结合表1-5-10在P—III型频率曲线上推求设计频率P=90%的年平均流量?表1-5-10P—III型频率曲线模比系数Kp值表(Cs=2.0Cv)P(%)CV2050759095990.201.160.990.860.750.700.890.251.200.980.820.700.630.520.301.240.970.780.640.560.4411、某水文站多年平均流量=328m3/s,Cv=0.25,Cs=0.60,试结合表1-5-11在P—III型频率曲线上推求设计频率P=95%的年平均流量?表1-5-11P—III型频率曲线离均系数Φp值表P(%)CS2050759095990.200.83-0。03-0。69-1。26-1。59-2。180.400.82-0。07-0。71-1。23-1。52-2。03planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 0.600.80-0。10-0。72-1。20-1。45-1。8812、设本站只有1998年一年的实测径流资料,其年平均流量=128m3/s。而临近参证站(各种条件和本站都很类似)则有长期径流资料,并知其Cv=0.30,Cs=0.60,它的1998年的年径流量在频率曲线上所对应的频率恰为P=90%。试按水文比拟法估算本站的多年平均流量?表1-5-12P—III型频率曲线离均系数Φp值表P(%)CS2050759095990.200.83-0。03-0。69-1。26-1。59-2。180.400.82-0。07-0。71-1。23-1。52-2。030.600.80-0。10-0。72-1。20-1。45-1。8813、设有甲乙2个水文站,设计断面位于甲站附近,但只有1971~1980年实测径流资料。其下游的乙站却有196l~1980年实测径流资料,见表1-5-13。两站10年同步年径流观测资料对应关系较好,试将甲站1961~1970年缺测的年径流插补出来?表1-5-13某河流甲乙两站年径流资料单位:m3/s年份1961196219631964196519661967196819691970乙站1400105013701360171014401640152018101410甲站年份1971197219731974197519761977197819791980乙站1430156014401730163014401480142013501630甲站123013501160145015101200124011501000145014、某水库设计保证率P=80%,设计年径流量QP=8.76m3/s,从垻址18年径流资料中选取接近设计年径流量、且分配较为不利的1953~1954年作设计代表年(典型年),其分配过程列于表1-5-14,试求设计年径流量的年内分配?表1-5-14某水库1953~1954年(典型年)年径流过程月份567891011121234年平均Qm3/s6.005.2832.926.35.843.554.453.273.754.725.454.188.8115、某设计流域如图1-5-6虚线所示,其出口断面为B点,流域重心为C点,试用年径流深均值等值线图确定该流域的多年平均径流深?planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 图1-5-6年径流等值线图16、某流域多年平均年径流深等值线图如图1-5-7所示,要求:(1)用加权平均法求流域的多年平均径流深,其中部分面积值见表1-5-15?(2)用内插法查得流域重心附近的年径流深代表全流域的多年平均径流深?(3)试比较上述两种成果,哪一种比较合理?理由何在?在什么情况下,两种成果才比较接近?表1-5-15径流深等值线间部分面积表部分面积编号123456789全流域部分面积(km2)10013203240160060018402680140068013460图1-5-7某流域多年平均年径流深等值线图(单位:mm)17、某站1958~1976年各月径流量列于表1-5-16,试结合表1-5-17求P=10%的设计丰水年、P=50%的设计平水年、P=90%的设计枯水年的设计年径流量?表1-5-16某站年、月径流量表(m3/s)年份月平均流量Q月(m3/s)年平均流量Q年(m3/s)34567891011121258~5959~6060~6161~6262~6363~6416.57.258.2114.712.93.2022.08.6919.517.715.74.9843.016.326.419.841.67.1517.026.124.630.450.716.24.637.157.355.2019.45.552.467.509.624.8710.42.284.026.813.209.107.482.134.841.862.073.462.971.271.982.671.983.425.302.182.472.731.902.922.671.541.874.202.352.481.796.4521.62.0313.21.621.803.8711.97.7810.09.6414.44.73planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15 64~6565~6666~6767~6868~6969~7070~7171~7272~7373~7474~7575~769.913.909.5213.09.4512.216.35.083.2815.43.2822.412.526.629.017.915.611.524.86.1011.738.55.4837.112.915.213.533.215.533.941.024.337.141.611.858.034.613.625.443.037.825.030.722.816.457.417.123.96.906.1225.410.542.712.724.23.4010.231.714.410.65.5513.43.583.586.557.308.303.4519.25.8614.312.42.004.272.671.673.523.656.504.925.756.563.846.263.2710.52.231.572.544.968.752.794.414.553.698.511.628.211.931.821.843.184.521.764.532.594.677.301.179.032.761.422.682.357.961.305.591.635.167.540.998.351.411.214.253.884.102.238.471.766.263.123.068.485.302.369.003.573.808.768.895.2111.15.567.8710.410.210.912.610.315.17.2411.317.78.4216.9表1-5-17P—III型频率曲线Kp值表p(%)CV0.115102050759095990.201.731.521.351.261.160.990.860.750.700.590.302.191.831.541.401.240.970.780.640.560.440.352.442.001.641.471.280.980.750.590.510.3718、某水文站1970~1999实测历年日最小流量如表1-5-18,试推求其经验频率?表1-5-18某站历年实测日最小流量表年份1970197119721973197419751976197719781979流量(m3/s)10.08.62.04.09.40.07.20.05.44.7年份1980198119821983198419851986198719881989流量(m3/s)8.36.43.24.49.72.20.00.08.49.1年份1990199119921993199419951996199719981999流量(m3/s)7.01.50.06.28.11.10.04.210.23.019、某流域的集水面积F=500km2,并由悬移质多年平均侵蚀模数分区图查得该流域的,试求该流域的多年平均悬移质输沙量?20、测得某流域多年平均年输沙量=278万t,该流域面积F=700km2,求其多年平均侵蚀模数?21、测得某流域多年平均的年径流量和年输沙量分别为43.2亿m3和1.6亿t,试推求该河流的多年平均含沙量?22、某流域出口处的多年平均年平均流量Q0=137m3/s,各年悬移质年输沙量与年径流量之比的平均值αs=0.037,试估算该流域的多年平均悬移质年输沙量?23、某流域出口处的多年平均年平均流量Q0=130m3/s,河流的平均比降为0.03%,侵蚀系数为5,试估算该流域的多年平均悬移质年输沙量?planning,andgovernmentfinancing,andwholevillagerelocation,andfirstbuiltHousplit"ofprinciples,insistedbigcommunityplanning,andlargedistricttransformation,breakadministrativedivisionsboundaries,optimizationtownspatialstructure,speedupnewCommunityconstruction,formednewcommunitylivebuilding,andintensivewithgroundproject,andenterprisetaxinsurancerunning,andExpandemploymentandimprovepeople"slivelihoodshedchangedeconomicchain.Thesecond,onpovertyreliefanddevelopmentworkinthisbattlethemissionobjectivesforpovertyalleviationinthefilearealreadyquiteclear,wastheprevioustwoyears(2016-2017)concentratedhard,threeyearsafter(2018-2020),consolidationandimprovement,bytheendof2017,theCounty......Apoorvillageand......Librarydistrictall"pickhat"and"five-ten",......Alltheruralpooroutofpoverty,stabilitytoachieve"twoworryaboutthree".Toaccomplishthesetasks,winthebattleforpovertyalleviation,thekeyistofindouttheway,selectingtherightbreakthrough,effectivenessinordertoworkon.(A)toaccuratelyidentifyobjectsforpovertyalleviation.XIGeneralSecretarynotedthatthecriticaltimeofpovertyliesinprecision.Howtodoaccurate?"firsttaskistodobasicworksolid.Totaldemandisdowntovillage,household,persons,County,town,andvillagebooks,card15'