地下水水文学-a卷

'长江大学试卷学院地球化学系班级学号姓名…………….…………………………….密………………………………………封………………..…………………..线……………………………………..2010—2011学年第2学期Thesecondsemesterin2010─2011academicyear地下水水文学试题（A卷）TestQuestionsofGeohydrology(TestpaperA)专业：水文水资源工程年级：2008Major:HydrologyandWaterResourcesGrade：2008No.1234567TotalScore考试方式：开卷；学分：2.0；考试时间：120分钟ExamMode:open-bookexam;Credithour:2.0;Duration:120minutesPartⅠ（50percent）(InthispartyouareaskedtowriteoutyouranswersinChinese)1Shortanswerquestion(thereare6questions,eachquestionis4points,totalpointsare24)/简答题(6小题，每小题4分，共24分)1.1与地下水过度开发相关的水环境问题有哪些？Whatisenvironmentalproblemsrelatedtoexcessiveexploitationofgroundwater?1.2什么是岩土的水理性质?岩土的水理性质有哪些?Whatarethephysicalpropertiesofrockandsoilrelatedtogroundwaterandwhichshouldbeincluded?1.3反映地下水质量的指标有哪些?Whatareindicatorstoreflectgroundwaterquality?TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) 1.4除含水层之间的补给和计算区以外地下水的侧向补给外，地下水的自然补给有哪些主要来源？Whataremainsourcesforgroundwaterrechargenaturally,exceptforrechargebetweenaquifersandlateralrechargefromexternalofthecomputationarea?1.5抽水试验中设置水位观测孔的目的是什么？Whatarethegoalsofawellforwatertableobservationinpumpingtest?1.6水均衡法计算水资源量的基本原理是什么？具体应用步骤有哪些？Whatarebasicprinciplesofwaterresourcescomputedbywaterbalancemethod,andconcretelycalculatingprocess?2Analysisandcomparison(Thereare2questions,eachquestionis4points,totalpointsare8)/分析比较题(2小题，每小题4分，共8分)2.1容水性与给水性有何不同？Whataredifferentbetweenthepropertyofrock-soiltostorewaterandthepropertyofrock-soiltoyieldorsupplywater?TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) 2.2储水率与储水系数有何不同？Whataredifferentbetweenspecificstorageandstorativityorstoragecoefficient?3Summaryandinductionorgeneralization(Thereare2questions,eachquestionis5points,totalpointsare10)/总结归纳或总结概括题(2小题，每小题5分，共10分)3.1阅读教材p236-241，指出处理受污染地下水常用的物理方法有哪些。Readingyourtextbookfrompage236to241,pointoutrelevantcommonphysicalmethodsusedtotreatmentofpollutedgroundwater.3.2阅读教材P149-151，在理解例6-1的基础上，写出利用抽水试验的降深~时间资料确定潜水含水层水文地质参数(导水系数)T和u*(弹性释水系数)的方法步骤。TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) Readingyourtextbookfrompage150to151,writeoutmethodandproceduresofhydrogeologyparameterT(Transmissivity)andu*(elasticstorativity)determinedbydrawdown-timedatafrompumpingtestsbasedoncomprehendingexample6-1.4coveredthematterinabriefstatement(8points)/简述题(8分)。简述地下水库与地表水库的基本区别？Brieflynarratebasicdifferencesbetweengroundwaterreservoirandsurfacereservoir?TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) PartⅡ（50percent）(InthispartyouareaskedtowriteoutyouranswersinEnglish)5Fillintheblankswithbesttermaccordingtofollowingdescriptions,eachblankis1point,andtotalpointsis20.5.1()iswaterlocatedbeneaththegroundsurfaceinsoilporespacesandinthefracturesofrockformations.A.soilmoistureB.fissurewaterC.GroundwaterD.porewater5.2Inphysicalgeography,atermoftendescribesthecombinedmassofwaterfoundon,under,andoverthesurfaceofaplanet.Thebestwordforthistermis().A.hydraulicsB.geohydrologyC.hydrogeologyD.hydrosphere5.3The()isaconceptualmodelthatdescribesthestorageandmovementofwaterbetweenthebiosphere,atmosphere,lithosphere,andthehydrosphere.A.hydrologiccycleB.geologicalcycleC.reservoirD.runoff5.4()referstothemovementofwaterintothesoillayerfromsurface.A.runoffB.infiltrationC.InfiltrationD.throughflow5.5Whengravitationalwaterhasdrainedawaytheamountofwaterthatremainsiscalledthe().A.gravitationalwaterB.throughflowC.seepageD.soil"sfieldcapacity5.6Whenaunitofrockoranunconsolidateddepositcanyieldausablequantityofwater,itiscalledan().A.aquiferB.aquitardC.aquicludeD.aquifugeTestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) 5.7An()isarocktypewithaverylowpermeability.Therockhardlytransmitsanygroundwateralthoughitmaywellcontainlargequantitiesofgroundwater.A.aquiferB.aquitardC.aquicludeD.aquifuge5.8()groundwateroccurswhentheflowofsubterraneanwaterisnotconfinedbythepresenceofrelativelyimpermeablelayers.A.ConfinedB.unconfinedC.UnconfinedD.confined5.9.Thewaterretainedbysuchaforcefoundonthesurfaceofsoilmineraliscalled().A.hygroscopicwaterB.groundwaterC.porewaterD.confinedwater5.10Itisoneformofsoilmoisture.Becausethiswaterisprimarilymovedbycapillaryaction,scientistscommonlyrefertoitas().A.hygroscopicwaterB.capillarywaterC.HygroscopicwaterD.confinedwater5.11()istheratioofthevolumeofwaterthatarockorsoilwillyieldbygravitydrainagetothevolumeoftherockorsoil.A.SpecificyieldB.SpecificstorageC.SpecificretentionD.Storativity5.12()ordeepdrainageordeeppercolationisahydrologicprocesswherewatermovesdownwardfromsurfacewatertogroundwater.A.GroundwaterrechargeB.groundwaterdischargeC.groundwaterrunoffD.Leakagerecharge5.13()ofgroundwatercanbedefinedas“thepracticeofincreasingbyartificialmeanstheamountofwaterthatisrechargingagroundwatersystem”.A.NaturalrechargeB.ArtificialrechargeC.RiverrechargeD.artifiialrecharge5.14()cangenerallybedefinedastheoutflowofwaterfromagroundwatersystematornearthegroundwatertable.A.GroundwaterrechargeB.GroundwaterdischargeC.TransfluenceD.Groundwatermovement5.15()istheflowofwaterbeneathearth"ssurfaceaspartofthewatercycle.A.SurfaceflowB.SubsurfaceflowC.HydrologicalcycleD.Spring5.16()isanintegrationthatbasicelementsofgroundwatersuchaswatertable,waterquantity,watertemperatureanditschemicalcomponentetc.varywithtime..A.GroundwaterregimeB.GroundwaterrechargeC.GroundwaterrunoffD.Groundwaterdischarge5.17Inlightofsaturationofgroundwater,seepagecanbeclassifiedintosaturatedandunsaturatedseepages.()referstoflowofgroundwaterinthezoneofsaturation.TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) A.SaturatedseepageB.saturatedseepageC.unsaturatedseepageD.Unsaturatedseepage5.18()istheamountofwaterthataportionofanaquiferreleasesfromstorage,perunitmassorvolumeofaquifer,perunitchangeinhydraulichead,whileremainingfullysaturated.Thetermgenerallyreferstovolumetricspecificstorage.A.SpecificstorageB.StorativityC.SpecificyieldD.Specificcapacity5.19()isthequantityofwaterthatcanbedrainedoutfromagivenaquiferundergravitationalaction.A.SpecificstorageB.StorativityC.SpecificyieldD.Specificcapacity5.20()referstoadischargeperwidththatpassesthroughwholethicknessofanaquiferwhenhydraulicgradientequalsto1,withdimensionL2/T(m2/day).A.TransmissivityB.HydraulicconductivityC.StorativityD.Porosity6Readingandcomprehension(Thereare2questions,eachis10points,totalpointsare20).6.1Readyourtextbookatpage47-48,thenpointouttherelationshipbetweengaseouscomponentingroundwaterandgeochemicalenvironment.Keywords:geochemicalenvironment地球化学环境；dissolve溶解；dissolvedoxygen溶解氧；oxidation/oxidization氧化；deoxidization还原；reductiveenvironment还原环境；carbonate碳酸盐；crystallinerock结晶岩；weather风化；O2,N2,CO2,CH4andH2S；gaseouscomponent气体成分.TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) 6.2Answer5questionsafterreadingthefollowingmaterial,eachis2pointsandtotalpointsare10.TotalDissolvedSolids(TDS)isameasureofthecombinedcontentofallinorganicandorganicsubstancescontainedinaliquidin:molecular,ionizedormicro-granular(colloidalsol)suspendedform.Generallytheoperationaldefinitionisthatthesolidsmustbesmallenoughtosurvivefiltrationthroughasievethesizeoftwomicrometer.PrimarysourcesforTDSinreceivingwatersareagriculturalandresidentialrunoff,leachingofsoilcontaminationandpointsourcewaterpollutiondischargefromindustrialorsewagetreatmentplants.Themostcommonchemicalconstituentsarecalcium,phosphates,nitrates,sodium,potassiumandchloride,whicharefoundinnutrientrunoff,generalstormwaterrunoffandrunofffromsnowyclimateswhereroaddeicingsaltsareapplied.Totaldissolvedsolids(TDS)aredifferentiatedfromtotalsuspendedsolids(TSS),inthatthelattercannotpassthroughasieveoftwomicrometersandyetareindefinitelysuspendedinsolution.Theterm“settleablesolids”referstomaterialofanysizethatwillnotremainsuspendedordissolvedinaholdingtanknotsubjecttomotion,andexcludesbothTDSandTSS.Settleablesolidsmayincludelargerparticulatematterorinsolublemolecules.Thetwoprincipalmethodsofmeasuringtotaldissolvedsolidsaregravimetryandconductivity.Gravimetricmethodsarethemostaccurateandinvolveevaporatingtheliquidsolventtoleavearesiduethatcansubsequentlybeweighedwithaprecisionanalyticalbalance(normallycapableof.0001gramaccuracy).Electricalconductivityofwaterisdirectlyrelatedtotheconcentrationofdissolvedionizedsolidsinthewater.Ionsfromthedissolvedsolidsinwatercreatetheabilityforthatwatertoconductanelectricalcurrent,whichcanbemeasuredusingaconventionalconductivitymeterorTDSmeter.TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) 1)Whatarethegravimetricmethodsofmeasuringtotaldissolvedsolids?2)WhatisTDS?3)WhatareprimarysourcesforTDS?4)WhatisTSS?TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10) 5)WhataredifferentbetweenTDSandTSS?.7GivethebestproperterminEnglishafterconsideringthetermslistedinthefollowingtablecarefully,eachis1pointandtotalpointsare10.TechnicaltermsinChineseTechnicaltermsinEnglish完整井地下水动态弱透水层地下水径流不透水层储水率越流补给给水度承压水地下水均衡TestpaperAofGeohydrologypage10(totalpage10)'