水力学专用词汇

'FundamentalGlossaryinHydraulicsHydrostatics水静力学Hydrodynamics水动力学Physicalpropertiesofwater水的物理性质Density密度specificgravity比重Kinematicviscosity运动粘性absoluteviscosity动力粘性Elasticmodulus弹性模量surfacetension表面张力Temperature温度isotropic(y)各向同性Anisotropic(y)各向异性uniform(ity)均匀(性)Heterogeneous(ity)不均匀(性)Mainforce主要作用力Gravity重力inertiaforce惯性力pressure压力(强)drag阻力Massforce质量力surfaceforce表面力Constitutiverelationship本构关系Stress应力strain应变deformation变形displacement位移normal法向tangent切向shear剪力acceleration加速度Angulardeformation角变形Localacceleration当地加速度convectiveacceleration迁移加速度compressibility压缩性continuity连续性Scalar纯量vector矢量tensor张量magnitude模(大小)direction方向Divergence散度curl旋度gradient梯度Source源sink汇Frequency频率amplitude振幅phase相位resonance共振Massconservation质量守恒momentumconservation动量守恒energyconservation能量守恒Initialcondition初始条件boundarycondition边界条件Ordinaldifferentialequation常微分方程partialdifferentialequation偏微分方程Convection,advection对流diffusion扩散dispersion弥散decay衰减degradation降解Flowpattern流态flowtype流型Laminarflow层流turbulentflow紊流Supercriticalflow急流subcriticalflow缓流criticalflow临界流Rapidlyvariedflow急变流graduallyvariedflow渐变流Uniformflow均匀流non-uniformflow非均匀流Mainstreamflow主流wakeflow尾流Steadyflow恒定流unsteadyflow非恒定流One-dimensionalflow一维流two-dimensionalflow二维流three-dimensionalflow三维流Single-phaseflow单相流double-phaseflow两相流multi-phaseflow多相流 Irrotationalflow无旋流potentialflow势流rotationalflow有旋流Openchannelflow明渠流freesurfaceflow自由表面流(明渠流)Pipeflow管流pressureflow有压流Jet射流plume卷流(羽流)crossflow横流Stagnationpoint驻点separationpoint分离点Coherentstructure相干结构bursting猝发turbulentintensity紊动强度Boundarylayer边界层viscoussub-layer粘性底层displacementthickness排挤厚度mixinglength混掺长度Flowfield,currentfield流场flownet流网Submergeddischarge淹没出流unsubmergeddischarge非淹没出流Renoldsnumber雷诺数Froudenumber佛汝德数Prandtlnumber普朗特数Courantnumber柯朗数Peclet彼克雷特数dimensionlessnumber无量纲数Streamline流线pathline迹线Vortexline涡线vortexring涡环vortexstreet涡街Flux通量circulation环量vorticity涡度Waterlevel,waterstage水位discharge,flow-rate,flow流量Waterdepth水深velocity流速Roughness糙率watersurfaceprofile水面线bedslope底坡Velocityfluctuation脉动流速pressurefluctuation脉动压强Instantaneousvelocity瞬时流速meanvelocity平均流速time-averagedvelocity时均流速Depth-averagedvelocity水深平均流速velocitygradient流速梯度pressuregradient压强梯度Cross-sectionofflow,wetcrosssection过水断面Wettedperimeter湿周hydraulicradius水力半径Hydraulichead水头Elevationhead位置水头piezometrichead测压管水头velocityhead流速水头Headloss水头损失frictionalloss沿程损失localheadloss局部损失Entranceheadloss进口水头损失exitheadloss出口水头损失bendheadloss弯头水头损失Abruptexpansionheadloss突扩损失contractionheadloss收缩损失Transitionheadloss渐变段损失Hydraulicjump水跃hydraulicdrop跌水conjugatedepth共轭水深Weir堰Sharp-crestedweir尖顶堰broad-crestedweir宽顶堰practicalweir实用堰Orifice孔口nozzle管嘴Dam坝sluice水闸spillway溢洪道Tunnel隧洞penstock压力水管culvert涵洞Aqueduct渡槽siphonpipe虹吸管Energydissipationdevice消能工Stillingbasin消力池rollerbucket消力戽Bafflepier消力墩plungepool跌水池Energydissipationbyhydraulicjump底流消能Energydissipationbysurfaceregime面流消能 Ski-jumpenergydissipation挑流消能Nappe水舌vena-contracta收缩断面Cavitation空化cavitationdamage空蚀Aeration掺气Waterwave水波waterhammer水锤Hydraulicandriverdynamics水力学及河流动力学Sediment泥沙bedload床沙suspensionload悬沙washload冲泻质Incipientvelocity起动流速settlingvelocity沉速Fluvialprocess河床演变deposition淤积scour冲刷erosion侵蚀Grounderwater地下水seepage渗透permeability渗透性Similarity[simi’læriti]theory相似理论Hydraulicmodeling水力模拟Physicalmodeling物理模拟Undistortedmodel正态模型distortedmodel变态模型Similitude相似准则similarity相似性fullscale足尺reducedscale缩尺Fluidmeasurement流动量测flowvisualization流动可视化Transducer，sensor传感器probe探头scale比尺flume水槽Numericalmodeling数值模拟Finiteelement有限元finitedifference有限差finitevolume有限体积boundaryelement边界元Characteristics特征线Scheme方法(格式)algorithm算法turbulencemodel紊流模型Large-eddysimulation大涡模拟Grid网格node结点timestep时间步长nodalspacing结点间距Coefficient系数parameter参数Explicit显式implicit隐式stability稳定性convergence收敛性robustness（坚固性）健壮性sensitivity敏感性accuracy精度Error误差calibration率定verification验证application应用prediction预测reproduction复演Estuaryhydraulics河口动力学Coastalhydraulics海岸动力学Openchannelhydraulics明渠水力学Wavehydrodynamics水波动力学GroundwaterHydraulics地下水水力学regularwave规则波irregularwave不规则波Tide潮汐springtide大潮neaptide小潮diurnaltide全日潮semi-diurnaltide半日潮ComputationalHydraulics计算水力学EnvironmentalHydraulics环境水力学Eco-hydraulics生态水力学Hydro-informatics水利信息学 Dissolvedoxygen(DO)溶解氧chemicaloxygendemand(COD)化学需氧量Biochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)生化需氧量dilution稀释度Pollutant污染物constituent组分eutrophication富营养化Hydrology水文学Flood洪水floodrouting调洪演算floodpeakflow洪峰流量Runoff径流precipitation降水evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration腾发,蒸散发'