生态学专业英语词汇

绝对生殖值多度深海带驯化淀积层夏眠年龄结构特定年龄生命表农业生态系统等位基因异种信息素/种间外激素阿伦法则异发演替异域性物种利他行为无性生殖群丛组群丛表群丛单位理论群丛个体生态学自发演替自养生物酸沉降酸雨农业生态工程农业生态学农业经济区位农业资源农业生态系统absolutereproductivevalueabundanceabyssalzoneacclimationaccumulationhorizonaestivationagestructureage-spccificlifetableagroecosystemallelesallelochcmicAllen'sruleallogenicsuccessionallopatricspeciationaltniismasexualreproductionassociationgroupassociationtableassociationunittheoryassociationsAutecologyautogenicsuccessionautotrophsAcidprecipitationAcidrainAgriculturaleco-engineeringAgriculturalecology,agroecologyAgriculturaleconomicalzoningAgriculturalresourcesAgroecosystem\n农林业系统阿利氏群聚原则化感物质化感作用人工辅助能人工直接调控人工信息流辅助能平衡说底面积贝格曼规律半深海带生物群落生物浓缩生物富集生物放大生物量生物带生态对策生物国生物动力农业生物地球化学循环生物农业生物防治生物辅助能生化需氧量（生化耗氧量〉生物量生态对我生物小循环瓶颈AgroforestryAllee'sprincipleAllelochemicalsAllelopathyArtificialauxiliaryenergyArtificialdirectregulationArtificialinformationflowAuxiliaryenergybalancingselectionhypothesizebasalareaBergman'srulebcthalzonebiocoenosisbioconcentrationbiologicalenrichmentbioniagnificationbiomassbiomebionomicstrategybiosphereBiodynamicagricultureBiogecochemicalcycleBiologicalagricultureBiologicalcontrolBiologicalenergysubsidiesBiologicaloxygendemand(BOD)BiomassBionomicstrategiesBiologicalmicro-cyclebottleneck\nC3plantC4plantCAMplantCapitalflowCarryingcapacityChemicalecologyC3植物C4植物CAM植物资金流环境容纳量化学生态学Chemicaloxygendemand(COD)化学耗氧量ChineseEcologicalAgriculture中国生态农业Climax顶极群落Coase'stlieory高斯理论Coevolution协同进化Commensalisms偏利作用Community群落Competition竞争Competitionexclusionprinciple竞争排斥原理Componentsstructure组分结构Controlledavailabilityfertilizers,CAFs控效肥料Cropproductivitypotentialcannibalismclimaxcommunityclimax作物生产潜力同种相食食肉动物负荷量灾难性因素地上芽植物特征替代阴性植物气候顶级气候学派顶级群落顶级群落渐变群carnivorescarringcapacitycatastrophicchamaephytes(Ch)characterdisplacementcheliophytesclimateclimaxclimateschoolcline\nclosedcommunityclumpedcoadaptedsystemcoarsegrainedco-dynamicsco-evolutioncohortcolddesertcolonizationcoloration封闭群落集群分布协同适应系统粗粒性分布相互动态协同进化同生群冷荒漠定居，建群色泽沿岸生物群落湖沼带生物群落深水带生物群落群落生态学群落矩阵群落组织群落伴生种补偿性捕食竞争系数竞争假说竞争排除抽彩式竞争保守主义者显著度恒有度干扰竞争争夺型竞争大陆隆大陆架communitiesinlittoralzonecommunitiesinthelimneticzonecommunitiesintheprofundalzoneCommunityecologycommunitymatrixcommunityorganizationcommunitycompanionspeciescompcn-satoryrpredationcompetitioncoefficientcompetitionhypothesiscompetitiveexclusioncompetivelotteryconservationconspicuousnessconstancycontestcompetitioncontesttypeofcompetitioncontinentalrisecontinentalshelf\ncontinentalslopeconvergentadaptationconvergentoscillationcostofgenerecombinationcostofmatingcostofmeiosiscourtshipbehaviorcoveragecrudedensitycryptophytes(Cr)DecomposerDesertificationDetritusfoodchaindecompositiondelayeddensitydependencedensityeffectdensityratiodensity-dependentdensity-independentdeterministicmodeldctrialfoodchaindetritusfeederdevelopmentdifferentialspeciesdiffusecompetitiondiominant-submissivedirectionalselectiondiscretegenerationdisruptiveselection大陆坡趋同适应趋同波动基因重组价交配价减数分裂价求偶行为盖度原始密度隐芽植物分解者土地沙漠化腐食食物链分解作用延后密度制约密度效应密度比密度制约非留度制约决定模型碎食物链食碎生物发育区别种分散竞争支配—从属定向选择离散世代分裂选择偏途顶级disturbanceclimax/disclimax\ndivergentoscillationdominancedominantspeciesdominantspeciesdominant-submissivedrydesertdynamicclassificationdynamiclifetabledynamic-compositelifetableearthnucleusearthcmstEcologicalamplitudeecologicaldensityecologicaldominanceecologicalenvironmentecologicalequivalentecologicalfactorecologicalforceecologicalinvasionecologicalnatalityecologicalrelease趋异波动优势度建群种优势种支配一从属关系干荒漠动态分类系统动态生命表动态混合生命表地慢地核生态幅生态密度生态优势生态环境生态等值种生态因子生态力生态入侵生态出生率生态释放生态学生态系统的发言生态系统生态学生态系统生态交错带假说生态型外温动物边缘效应黄化现象EcologyecosystemdevelopmentEcosystemecologyecosystemacetonehypothesisecotypeectodermedgeeffectetiolatingphenomenon\nemergyemigrationendogenousmigrationendodermenvironmenthormoneenvironmentequilibriumtheoryeuphoniczoneeuryeciouseuryhalineeuryhydriceuryphagiceurythermaleurytopicspecieseutrophicationevergreenhardwoodforestEvolutionecologyevolutionforceexogenousmigrationexploitivecompetitionexponetialgrowthEco-economicalzoningEcologicalagricultureEcologicalagriculturemodel(pattern)EcologicaldensityEcologicaleffectEcologicalefficiencyEcologicalfactorEcologicalengineering能值迂出内因性迁移内温动物环境激素环境平衡理论透光带广栖的广盐性的广水性的广食性的广温性的广适种需营养化常绿硬材林进化生态学进化力外因性迁移利用竞争指数增长生态经济区位生态农业生态农业模式生态密度生态效益生态效率生态因子生态工程生态金字塔（生态锥体）Ecologicalpyramid\nEcologicalsuccessionEcologicalsustainabilityEcologyEconomiceffectEconomicexternalityEcosystemEcotoneEcotopeEcotypeEdgeeffectEmbodiedenergyEmergentpropertyofsystemEnergyanalysisEnergyflowchartEnergyflowpathEnergyflowstnictureEnergyflowingEntropyEutrophicationExponentialgrowthformExternalbenefitExternalcostFeedbackFirstlawofthermodynamicsFishpond-dikesystemFlowFoodchainFoodchainstructureFoodwebFreeenergy演替生态持续性生态学经济效益经济外部性生态系统群落交错区（生态交错区）景观元素（生态点）生态型边缘效应内含能系统的整合特性能流分析能流图能流路径能流结构能量流炳富营养化种群指数增长模式收益外泄成本外摊反馈作用热力学第一定律基塘系统流食物链食物链结构食物网\n自由能\n资源经济学第一定律功能组分冗余孤雌生殖果性孤雌生殖聚性因素家庭选择农田生态系统生育力表生育力反馈取食生态位滤食性生物细粒性分布周限增长率合适度植物区系一结构分类系统波动食物链群系组群系植物群系宓础生态龛淡水生态学淡水生态系统功能反应配子选择缺口气体循环基因库地理变异FirstlawofresourceseconomicFunctionalcomponentadundcncefacultativeparthenogenesisfacultativeparthenogenesisfacultativefamilyselectionfarmlandecosystemfecundityschedulefecundityfeedbackfeedingnichesfilterfoodfinegrainedfiniterateofincreasefitnessfloristic-stnicturalclassificationfluctuationfoodchainformationgroupformationformationfoundationalnichefreshwaterecologyfreshwaterecosystemfunctionresponsegameteselectiongapsgaseouscyclegcngpoolgeographicvariation\ngeographicaltheotyofspeciation物种形成geometricgrowth几何级数增长geophytes(G)地下芽植物globalecology全球生态gradienthypothesis梯度假说grain粒性grazer牧食生物grazingfoodchain捕食食物链greenhouseeffect温室效应gregarizationpheromone聚集信息索grossprimaryproduction总初级生产力groupselection群体选择growthform生长型guild同资源团habalzone深渊带habitat生境heath石楠群丛height高度hcmicryptophytes(Hc)地面芽植物herbivore植食herbivores植食动物heterotrophicsuccession异养演替heterotrophs异养生物hibernation冬眠homeostasis内稳态homeostasis自调节稳态homeostaticorganism内稳态生物homeostaticprocess内稳定过程humandemography人口统计学Humanecology人类生态学\nintermediatedisturbancehypothesis腐殖质水生演替水生演替系列迁入重要值个体转化率工业黑化现象内禀增长力内环境瞬间增长率强度干扰竞争干扰竞争中度干扰假说内分布型种间关系潮间带种内关系反密度制约岛屿生态学多次繁殖生物多次生殖约丹定律关键种亲属选择亲属选择匕策略者土地覆盖土地利用景现生态学humushydrarchsuccessionhydrosereimmigrationimportancevalueindividualconverserateindustrialmelanisminnercapacityincreaseinner-environmentinstantaneousrateofincreaseintensityinterferencecompetitioninterferencecompetitioninternaldistributionpatterninterspecficrelationshipintertidalzoneintraspecificrelationshipinverselydensitydependentIslandecologyiteroparityiteroparousJordan'srulekeystonespecieskinselectionkinselectionk-strategistslandcoverlanduseLandscapeecology\n最后产量衡值法则最小因子法则耐受性法则层淋溶层叶面积指数叶面积指数静水生态系统生活周期生命期望生活型谱生活型生活史对策生活史生活年限寿命忍受性限度沿岸带流水生态系统大气候大型生物海洋生态学海洋生态系统最大出生率最大持续生产量巨型生物中型生物小气候微菌落小群落lawofconstantfinalyieldlawoftheminimumlawoftolerancelayerleachedlayerleafareaindexleafareaindex(LAS)lenticecosystemlifecyclelifeexpectancylifeformspectrumlifeformlifehistorystrategylifehistorylifespanlifetimelimitoftolerancelittoralzoneloticecosysteminacrocliinatemacrofaunaMarineecologymarineecosystemmaximumnatalitymaximumsustainedyieldmegafaunamexofaunamicroclimatemicrocolonymicrocommunities\n微生态系统微环境小型生物小型浮游生物迁被构件生物构件分子生态学单元演替顶级单种养殖单配偶制单食性季风林死亡曲线死亡率镶嵌性出生率维生态龛负反馈净初级生产力中性说论战生态位压缩生态位分离生态位分离生态位非平衡理论非内稳态生物非生物成分洋流同群生命表micro-ecosystemmicro-environmentmicrofaunamicroplanktonmigrationmodularorganismmodulesMolecularecologymonoclimaxtheorynionocultutemonogamymonpohagousmonsoonforestmortalitycurvemortalitymosaicnatalityn-dimensionalnichennegativefeedbacknetprimaryproduction(GP)neutralitycontroversynichecompressionnicheseparationnicheshiftnichenon-equilibriumtheorynon-homeostaticorganismobioticcomponentocean-currentohortlifetable\nomnivoresopencommunityopenshrublandsopportunistordinationornamentationpanclimaxpantropicalparabiosphereparasitesparasitoidismparentmaterialparentalcareparentalinvestmentpatchinesspercapitagrowthratepcrclimaxpcritrophicmycorrhizaephanerophytes(Ph)photoperiodismphyplanktonphysiognomyPhysiologicalecologyphysiologicalnatalityphytochrompioneercommunitypjarapatricspeciationplankonPoissiondistributionpolyandry杂食动物开放群落稀疏灌丛机会主义者排序修饰泛顶级泛热带区副生物图寄生生物拟寄生母质层亲代关怀亲本投资斑块性每员增长率前顶级周边营养性菌根厄尔尼诺EINino光周期现象浮游植物外貌生理生态学生理出生率色素先锋群落邻域性物种浮游生物\n泊松分布一雌多雄制\npolyclimaxtheory多元顶级理论polygamy多配偶制polygyny-1雄多雌制polymorphism多型现象polyphagous多食性的Populationecology种群生态学population种群porosity粒间空隙positivefeedback正反馈postclimax超顶级predation捕食者predator捕食者presentreproductivevalue当年繁殖价值prevailclimax优势顶级prey猎物prezygoticmechanism合子前隔离primaryproduction初级生产primarysuccession初级演替primarysuccession原生演替principleofallocation分配•原理principleofcompetitiveexclusion竞争互斥原理productionrate生产率production生产量productivity生产力progressivesuccession进展演替protogynoushermaphriodism雌雄同体pyramidofenergy能量金字塔radiationadaptation趋异适应random随机分布rarespecies彳禺见种\nreactiontimelagreactivespeciesrealizednatalityrealizednickregressivesuccessionrelativefrequencyrelativereproductivevaluereproductioneffectreproductivecostreproductivepatternreproductivetimelagreproductivevalueresidualreproductivevalueresilientstabilityresistantstabilityRestorationecologyrichnessr-kcontinuumofstrategiesr-strategistssaprovoressavannawoodlandscavengersciophytesscramblecompetitionscrambletypeofcompetitionsecondarymetabolitessecondaryproductionsecondarysuccessionsecondarysedimentarycycle反应滞时反映性物种实际出生率实际生态龛逆行演替相对频度相对生殖值生殖成效繁殖成本生殖格局生殖滞时生殖值剩余繁殖价值恢复稳定性抵抗稳定性恢复生态学丰度r-k略连续系统r-第喀者食腐者热带稀树草原林地食腐者阳性植物利用竞争分摊型竞争次生代谢物质次级生产力次生演替次级演替沉积循环\nselectivefertilizationself-destnictivesemelparitysemelparoussexratiosexualdimorphismsexualreproductionsexualselectionshadeplantsShannon-Weinerindexsieveselectionhypothesissimilaritysocialhierarchysocial-economic-naturalcomplexecosystemsolaremergysolarenijoulessolartransformityspatialpatternspecialheterogeneitySimpson'sdiversityindexsocialgroupspeciationspeciesareacurvespeciesdiversityspeciesevennessorequitabilityspeciesheterogeneityspeciesturnoverratesporereproductionstability-resiliencestabilizingselection选择受精自我破坏一次繁殖生物一次生殖性比雌雄二形现象有性生殖性选择耐阴性植物香农一威纳指数筛选说相似度辛普森多样性指数社群社会等级社会-经济-自然复合系统太阳能值太阳能焦耳太阳能值转换率空间格局空间异质性物种形成物种面积曲线物种多样性种的均匀度种的不齐性种的周转率胞子生殖稳定恢复力稳定选择standingcropstaticlifetablestenoeciousstenohalinestenohydricstenophagicstenothermalsteppeandsemideserty\nstochasticmodelstratificationsubassociationsubdominantsubformationsuccessionsucculentsucculentsummeddominanceratiosummer-greendeciduousforestsurvivorshipcurvesympatricspeciationSynecologysynusiaTerrestrialecologyterritorialbehaviorterritorialitythe-2/3thinninglawtheeffectofneighbourstherophytes(Th)thertnoperiodismthornforestandscrub现存量静态生命表窄栖性的窄盐性的窄水性的窄食性的窄温性的干草原和半荒溪随机模型成层现象亚群丛组亚优势种亚群系演替肉质植物肉质植物(SDR)综合优势比夏绿落叶林存活曲线同域性物种群落生态学层片陆地生态学领域行为领域性-2/3自疏法则邻接效应一年生植物温周期现象多刺森林和密灌丛\ntime-specificlifetabletorportotalneutralityhypothesistrophicleveltrophicrelationshiptrophicrelationshiptundraandcoldforestuniformunitaryorganismunivoltineinsectsupperhorizonUrbanecologyvegetationsubtypevegetationtypegroupvegetationtypevegetativepropagationvolumewatercycleweightxerarchsuccessionxerophyteszeronetgrowthisolinezoneofemergentvegetationzooplanktonEINinofeedbackreflexgeneralistdefenncebehaviorflowervisitor特定时间生命表蛰伏中性说营养级营养的联系营养联系苔原和冷森林均匀分布单体生物一化性的昆虫覆盖层城市生态学植被亚型植被型组植被型营养生殖体积水循环重量早生演替早生植物(ZNGI)零增长线提水植物带浮游动物厄尔尼诺反馈反射泛化种防卫行为访花昆虫\nnoncquilibriumhabitat-trackingnictapopulationnonequilibriunidecliningmetapopulationnon—nichephysicalenvironmentnonlineardispersiondecomposerbranchingprocessmoleculartaxonomytheneutraltheoryofmolecularevolutionmolecularecologymolecularsystematicsplanktonnegativefeedback)carryingcapacitynegativeinteractionnegativeselectionepifaunanictapopulationeutrohicationrelamationcoveragecoverratiodisturbancedisturbancepatchdisturbancecorridornon-hierarchicalnon-spatialmodelnon-homeostaticorganismnonequilibriuninictapopulation非等级的非空间模型非内稳态生物非平衡态复合种群非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群非平衡态下降复合种群非生态位非生物环境非线性关系分布分解者分支过程分子分类学分子进化的中性理论分子生态学分子系统学浮游动物负反馈负荷量负相互作用负选择附底动物复合种群富营养化现象改良盖度盖度比干扰\n干扰斑块干扰廊道\n干扰作用高度高斯假说高斯理论高位芽植物格林威尔造山运动个体个体论概念更新功髭生态位攻击行为构件构件生物关键种关联系数光饱和点光补偿点光周期过滤器哈德-温伯格原理海洋生态系统寒武纪旱生植物河流廊道恒有度红树林呼吸量互利互利索互利作用interferenceheightCoarse'shypothesisCoarse'stheoryphanerophytesGrenvilleOrogenesisindividualindividualisticconceptrenewalfunctionalnicheaggressivebehaviormodulesmodularorganismkeystonespeciesassociationcoefficientslightsaturationpointlightcompensationpointphotopcriodfilterHardy-WeinbergprincipleOceanecosylemCambrianperiodsiccocolousrivercorridorcontancymangroverespirationmutualismsynomonesynomonal\nallelopathychemicaldefencechemicalecologyallelochcmicalschemocrypticdivisiveenvironmentenvironmentalethicsenvironmentalcarryincapacityenvironmentalresourcepatchenvironmentalresourcecorridordesertdesertificationdesertecosystemeitiolationphenomenonrestorationecologychaosmixedtypeexchangepoolacquiredbehaviororganismicschoolFundamentalniche化感作用化学防御化学生态学化学物质化学隐藏划分的环境环境伦理学环境容纳量环境资源斑块环境资源廊道荒漠荒摸化荒漠生态系统黄化现象恢复生态学混沌学混合型活动库获得性行为机体论学派基础生态位\nEcologyisthescientificstudyofinteractionsamongorganismsandtheirenvironment,suchastheinteractionsorganismshavewitheachotherandwiththeirabioticenvironment.Topicsofinteresttoecologistsincludethediversity,distribution,amount(biomass),number(population)oforganisms,aswellascompetitionbetweenthemwithinandamongecosystems.Ecosystemsarecomposedofdynamicallyinteractingpartsincludingorganisms,thecommunitiestheymakeup.andthenon-livingcomponentsoftheirenvironment.Ecosystemprocesses,suchasprimaryproduction,pedogenesis,nutrientcycling,andvariousnicheconstnictionactivities,regulatethefluxofenergyandmatterthroughanenvironment.Theseprocessesaresustainedbyorganismswithspecificlifehistorytraits,andthevarietyoforganismsiscalledbiodiversity.Biodiversity,whichreferstothevarietiesofspecies,genes,andecosystems,enhancescertainecosystemservices.生态是生物和环境之间的相互作用，如生物相互之间以与与他们的非生物环境的相互作用的科学的研究。生态学家感兴趣的话题包括的thediversity,分布量(生物量)，数量(人口)的生物，以与他们之间的竞争和amongecosystems内°包括生物体的动态相互作用的部分组成的生态系统，他们的社区做起来，他们的环境和非生物成分。生态过程，如初级生产，成土作用，养分循环，各种小生建设活动的环境，通过调节能量和物质通量。这些过程持续生物体特定的生活史，各种生物calledbiodiversityo生物多样性是指物种，基因和生态系统的品种，提高一定的生态系统服务。EcologyisaninterdisciplinaryfieldthatincludesbiologyandEarthscience.ThewordHecologyH(NOkologien)wascoinedin1866bytheGermanscientistErnstHaeckel(1834-1919).AncientGreekphilosopherssuchasHippocratesandAristotlelaidthefoundationsofecologyintheirstudiesonnaturalhistory.Modernecologytransformedintoamorerigorousscienceinthelate19thcentury.Evolutionaryconceptsonadaptationandnaturalselectionbecamecornerstonesofmodernecologicaltheory.Ecologyisnotsynonymouswithenvironment,environmentalism,naturalhistory,orenvironmentalscience.Itiscloselyrelatedtoevolutionarybiology,genetics,andethology.Anunderstandingofhowbiodiversityaffectsecologicalfunctionisanimportantfocusareainecologicalstudies.Ecologistsseektoexplain:生态学是一个跨学科领域，包括生物学和地球科学。“生态学''(的"Okologie”,)是由德国科学家恩斯特・海克尔(1834-1919)于1866年创造的，如古希腊哲学家希波克拉底和亚里士多德在他们的研究奠定了忠础，生态，自然历史。现代生态转化为更严格的科学在19\n世纪后期。适应和自然选择的进化概念成为了基石modcmecological理论。生态环境，环保，自然历史，或环境科学的代名词。它是密切相关，进化生物学，遗传学和行为学。理解生物多样性如何影响生态功能是生态研究的一个重点领域。生态学家寻求解释：Lifeprocesses,interactionsandadaptationsThemovementofmaterialsandenergythroughlivingcommunitiesThesuccessionaldevelopmentofecosystems,andTheabundanceanddistributionoforganismsandbiodiversityinthecontextoftheenvironment.生命过程，相互作用和适应通过物质和能量的运动生活社区生态系统的演替发展，上下文环境中的生物和生物多样性的丰度和分布。Ecologyisahumanscienceaswell.Therearemanypracticalapplicationsofecologyinconservationbiology,wetlandmanagementjiaturalresourcemanagement(agroecology,agriculture,forestry,agroforestry,fisheries),cityplanning(urbanecology),communityhealth,economics,basicandappliedscience,andhumansocialinteraction(humanecology).Organismsandresourcescomposeecosystemswhich,inturn.maintainbiophysicalfeedbackmechanismsthatmoderateprocessesactingonliving(biotic)andnonliving(abiotic)componentsoftheplanet.Ecosystemssustainlife-supportingfunctionsandproducenaturalcapitallikebiomassproduction(food,fuel,fiberandmedicine),theregulationofclimate,globalbiogeochemicalcycles,waterfiltration,soilformation,erosioncontrol,floodprotectionandmanyothernaturalfeaturesofscientific,historical,economic,orintrinsicvalue.生态是人类科学。有很多实际应用中的生态保护生物学，湿她管理，自然资源管理（农业生态学，农业，林业，农林业，渔业），城市规划（城市生态），社区卫生，经济，基\n础科学和应用科学，人类社会的互动（人类生态学）。生物和资源组成的生态系统，反过来，保持生物物理反馈机制，适度的过程，作用于生活（生物）和无生命的星球（生物的）组件。生态系统维持生命支持功能和生产生物质生产（食品，燃料，纤维和医药），调节气候等自然资本，全球生物地球化学循环，过滤水，土壤的形成，控制水土流失，防洪和许多其他科学的自然特征，历史，经济，或内在价值。HierarchicalecologyThescaleofecologicaldynamicscanoperatelikeaclosedsystem,suchasaphidsmigratingonasingletree,whileatthesametimeremainopenwithregardtobroaderscaleinfluences,suchasatmosphereorclimate.Hence,ecologistsclassifyecosystemshierarchicallybyanalyzingdatacollectedfromfinerscaleunits,suchasvegetationassociations,climate,andsoiltypes,andintegratethisinformationtoidentifyemergentpatternsofuniformorganizationandprocessesthatoperateonlocaltoregional,landscape,andchronologicalscales.生态动力学的规模可以象一个封闭的系统，如在一个单一的树进行迁移的财虫操作，而在同一时间保持打开状态，关于更广泛的范围的影响，如大气或气候。因此，生态学家生态系统分类较细规模的单位，如植被协会，气候和土壤类型，通过分析收集的数据分层，擅合此信息来确定突发模式统一组织和流程上操作的地方到区域，景观，实足鳞片。Tostnicturethestudyofecologyintoaconceptuallymanageableframework,thebiologicalworldisorganizedintoanestedhierarchy,ranginginscalefromgenes,tocells,totissues,toorgans,toorganisms,tospecies,topopulations,tocommunities,toecosystems,tobiomes,anduptothelevelofthebiosphere.161Thisframeworkformsapanarchy171andexhibitsnon-linearbehaviors;thismeansthat"effectandcausearedisproportionate,sothatsmallchangestocriticalvariables,suchasthenumberofnitrogenfixers,canleadtodisproportionate,perhapsirreversible,changesinthesystemproperties.组织生态学研究的一个概念管理的框架，组织成一个嵌套层次的生物世界，规模不等,从基因，细胞，组织，器官，生物体，以品种，群体，社区，生态系统，生物群落，最多对生物圉的水平。[6]该框架形成一panarchy[7]和展品的非线性行为，这意味着“效应而引起不成比例，从而使小的变化的关键变量，如固氮细菌的数量，可导致不相称的，或许是不可逆转的，在系统属性的变化。BiodiversityBiodiversity(anabbreviationofHbiologicaldiversity**)describesthediversityoflifefromgenestoecosystemsandspanseverylevelofbiologicalorganization.Thetermhasseveralinterpretations,andtherearemanywaystoindex,measure,characterize,andrepresentitscomplexorganization.110111,11,21\nBiodiversityincludesspeciesdiversity,ecosystemdiversity,andgeneticdiversityandscientistsareinterestedinthewaythatthisdiversityaffectsthecomplexecologicalprocessesoperatingatandamongtheserespectivelevels.111111311141Biodiversityplaysanimportantroleinecosystemserviceswhichbydefinitionmaintainandimprovehumanqualityoflife(i5iii6iii2ipreventingspeciesextinctionsisonewaytopreservebiodiversityandthatgoalrestsontechniquesthatpreservegeneticdiversity,habitatandtheabilityforspeciestomigrate.恒"。"。”""诙"^Conservationprioritiesandmanagementtechniquesrequiredifferentapproachesandconsiderationstoaddressthefullecologicalscopeofbiodiversity.Naturalcapitalthatsupportspopulationsiscriticalformaintainingecosystemservices11711181andspcciesmigration(e.g..riverinefishrunsandavianinsectcontrol)hasbeenimplicatedasonemechanismbywhichthoseservicelossesareexperienced.1191Anunderstandingofbiodiversityhaspracticalapplicationsforspeciesandecosystem-levelconservationplannersastheymakemanagementrecommendationstoconsultingfinns.governments,andindustry从基因到生态系统的生物多样性(”生物多样性''的缩写)描述生命的多样性，跨越各个层次的生物组织。这个词有几种解释，指数，衡量的方法有很多，检定和代表其复杂的组织。[10][11][12]生物多样性包括物种多样性，生态系统多样性，遗传多样性和科学家感兴趣的是这种多样性影响的复杂的生态过程，在各自水平和经营方式。生物多样性生态系统服务的定义保持和提高人类的生活质量起着重要的作用。[15][16[12]防止物种灭绝，是保护生物多样性的方式之一，目标在于技术，保持遗传多样性，栖息地和物种迂移的能力。[引证需要优先保护和管理技术需要不同的方法和注意事项，以解决全生态生物多样性的范围。支持人口的自然资本是至关重要的维持生态系统服务[17][18]和物种迁移（例如，运行河流鱼类和昆虫控制禽流感）已牵连作为一个机制，这些服务亏损经历。[19]理解生物多样性，物种和生态系统一级保护规划具有实际应用，因为他们提出管理建议，咨询公司，政府和行业