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《水力学与桥涵水文》课程设计任务书(土木工程专业)年级:2011级学院:土木建筑学院专业:城市公路与道路工程班级:4班姓名:谢宏伟学号:631101020421重庆交通大学\n1、为测定某阀门的局部阻力系数,在阀门上下游装设三个测压管,已知水管直径=50mm,=1m,=2m,实测数据=150cm,=125cm,=40cm,=3m/s,试计算阀门的值。解:由1-1、2-2断面能量方程:,\n2、水面线定性分析解:如下图具体分析如下:图(a)中,段、段和段均为顺坡渠道。水流从段过渡到段时,由急流向临界流过渡,会在段区以型曲线过渡到正常水深;水流从\n段过渡到段时,由临界流向缓流过渡,会在段区以型曲线过渡到正常水深。图(b)中,段和段均为顺坡渠道。水流从段过渡到段时,由急流向缓流过渡,会在段产生水跃。图(c)中,段为逆坡渠道,段为顺坡渠道。会在段区通过型降水曲线过渡到缓流。图(d)中,段为顺坡渠道。水流从段过渡到段时,由缓流流向断口,会在段产生水跌。图(e)中,段为顺坡渠道,段为逆坡渠道。水流从段过渡到段时,由急流向逆坡过渡,会在段产生水跃;从段流向断口时,会产生水跌。图(f)中,段、段和段均为顺坡渠道且、及。水流从段过渡到段时,由急流向缓流过渡,会在段产生水跃;水流从段过渡到段时,由缓流向急流过渡,会在段产生水跌,在区以型曲线过渡到正常水深。3、流量泥沙计算详见相关excel表格解:⑴.断面测算:水深为水位与河底高程之差,即平均水深为两个相邻水深的平均值,即垂线距离为两个相邻起点距之差,即垂线间面积以测速垂线为分界,岸边部分面积按三角形计算,中间部分面积按梯形计算,即岸边,中间其中—测深垂线所在位置的水深;—为测深垂线之间的距离。部分面积是相邻测速垂线之间的垂线间面积之和,即⑵.流速测算:\n部分面积平均流速为相邻垂线平均流速之间的平均值,对于岸边的部分面积平均流速由相邻垂线平均流速适当折减;即对于岸边,其中死水边,斜坡岸边,不平整坡岸边,光滑陡岸.本题按斜坡岸边处理,即⑶.流量测算:部分流量为部分面积与部分面积平均流速之积,即断面流量为部分流量之和,即断面面积为部分面积面积之和,即平均流速为断面流量与断面面积之商,即水面宽为右水边起点距与左水边起点距之差,即平均水深为断面面积与水面宽之商,即具体计算结果如下:垂线号起点距水位河底高程水深平均水深垂线间距垂线间面积部分面积垂线平均流速部分流速部分流量测深测速取样(m)(m)(m)(m)(m)(m)(m2)(m2)(m/s)(m/s)(m3/s)左水边 -112172.8172.80 1 -100 168.24.662.331227.96 211-73 16210.97.77527209.925237.91.120.896213.143 -56 16012.911.8817201.96 42 -40 158.714.113.516215.92417.91.41.26526.535 -20 157.315.614.8420296.7 6320 15517.816.720333.9630.62.041.721084.67 27 15418.818.3427495.18 84 57 153.619.219.0430571.210662.662.3525069 82 153.119.719.4925487.25 1053106 152.919.919.8424476.16963.43.082.87276511 137 152.220.620.2931628.99 1264167 151.82120.8430625.212543.193.1353931.913 192 15220.820.9425523.5 1475217 15319.820.3425508.510323.083.1353235.315 246 154.318.519.1929556.51 1686277 156.116.717.6431546.8411032.92.993299\n17 306 157.615.215.9929463.71 18 323 158.114.714.9917254.83 1997341 158.614.214.4918260.82979.42.882.892830.420 376 158.913.914.0935493.15 21108411 159.413.413.6935479.15972.32.772.8252746.722 447 159.413.413.4436483.84 23119477 159.513.313.3930401.7885.52.42.5852289.124 507 160.612.212.7930383.7 2512 536 161.311.511.8929344.81728.52.062.231624.626 567 162.99.9410.7431332.94 271310601 165.96.998.46534287.81620.81.921.991235.328 640 167.15.746.36539248.235 右水边 652172.8167.65.225.481265.76314 1.152361.72断面流量28649.32m3/s水面宽764m断面面积11206.15m2平均水深37.50m平均流速2.56m/s最大水深21.04m最大测点流速3.19m/s相应水位172.8m根据实测结果可绘出测区的水文断面图,如下:4、相关分析:已知某流域154~1965年的年径流量及年降雨量,年径流量与年降雨量在成因上具有联系。试用解析法推求相关直线。(同时附有excel数据文件)年份年降雨量x(mm))年径流量y(mm)19542014136219551211728\n195617281369195711576951958125772019591029534196013067781961102933719621310809196313569291964126679619651052383解:相关分析的方法:⑴.判定变量间是否存在相关关系,若存在,计算其相关系数,以判断相关的密切程度;⑵.确定变量间的数量关系――回归方程或相关线;⑶.根据自变量的值,预报或延长、插补倚变量的值,并对该估值进行误差分析。顺序号年份年降雨量x(mm)年径流量y(mm)KxiKyiKxi2Kyi2KxiKyi12345678911954201413621.5381.7312.3652.9982.6632195512117280.9250.9250.8550.8560.85631956172813691.3201.7401.7413.0282.2964195711576950.8830.8830.7810.7810.7815195812577200.9600.9150.9210.8380.8796195910295340.7860.6790.6170.4610.5337196013067780.9970.9890.9950.9780.9868196110293370.7860.4280.6170.1840.3379196213108091.0001.0281.0011.0581.02910196313569291.0351.1811.0721.3951.22311196412667960.9671.0120.9351.0240.97812196510523830.8030.4870.6450.2370.391合计15715944012.00012.00012.54513.83612.951计算 `x=1309.583sx=291.53 `y=786.667sy=321.41 r=0.950 由上表数据可得:\n则相关系数:所以相关系数较大,非常接近于1(),表明两系列(年降雨量x和年径流量y)之间存在直线相关,相关程度也较为密切。则y倚x的回归直线方程式为:得即年降雨量x和年径流量y的线性相关图如下图所示:\n\n5、某站有24年实测径流资料,试绘制其经验频率曲线,并用求矩适线法推求年径流量频率曲线的三个统计参数。(同时附有excel数据文件)年份年径流深(mm)1952538195362519546631955592195655719579981958642195934119609641961687196254719635101964769196561619664171967789196873319691065197060719715871972567197358819747091975884解:绘制经验频率曲线:由实测径流资料得样本频率:式中—频率(即累计频率)(%);—系列按递减次序排列时,随机变量的顺序号;—资料总项数(若用年最大值选样法,则为水文资料观测的总年数)。\n求矩适线法步骤:⑴.将实测资料由大到小排列,计算各项的经验频率,在频率格纸上点绘经验点据。(纵坐标为变量的取值,横坐标为对应的经验频率);⑵.选定水文频率分布线型。(一般选用皮尔逊Ⅲ型);⑶.先采用矩法估计出频率曲线参数的初估值、,根据经验取等于一定倍数的;⑷.根据拟定的和,查表9.6,计算值。以为纵坐标,为横坐标,即可得到频率曲线。将此线画在绘有经验点据的图上,看与经验点据配合的情况。若不理想,可通过调整、和点绘频率曲线;⑸.最后根据频率曲线与经验点据的配合情况,从中选出一条与经验点据配合较好的曲线作为采用曲线,相应于该曲线的参数便看作是总体参数的估值;⑹.求指定频率的水文变量设计值。计算表格如表.5-1所示:\n顺序号按年份顺序排列按年径流深排列经验频率(%)P=100m/(n+1)至p=50%处水平距离x轴Ki(Ki-1)2(Ki-1)3年份年径流深x(mm)年份年径流深x(mm)123456789101111952538196910654.00-1.751.971.600.360.2142195362519579988.00-1.412.311.500.250.12331954663196096412.00-1.172.541.450.200.08941955592197588416.00-0.992.721.330.110.03551956557196778920.00-0.842.881.180.030.00661957998196476924.00-0.713.011.150.020.00471958642196873328.00-0.583.141.100.010.00181959341197470932.00-0.473.251.060.000.00091960964196168736.00-0.363.361.030.000.000101961687195466340.00-0.253.470.990.000.000111962547195864244.00-0.153.570.960.000.000121963510195362548.00-0.053.670.940.000.000131964769196561652.000.053.770.920.010.000141965616197060756.000.153.870.910.01-0.001151966417195559260.000.253.970.890.01-0.001161967789197358864.000.364.080.880.01-0.002171968733197158768.000.474.190.880.01-0.0021819691065197256772.000.584.300.850.02-0.003191970607195655776.000.714.430.840.03-0.004201971587196254780.000.844.560.820.03-0.006211972567195253884.000.994.710.810.04-0.007221973588196351088.001.174.890.770.06-0.013231974709196641792.001.415.120.630.14-0.052241975884195934196.001.755.470.510.24-0.116合计15995 24.01.600.263计算 `x=666.46 Cv=0.2634 Cs=0.6862 表.5-1统计参数计算表\n表.5-2求矩适线法计算表求矩适线法P%至p=50%处水平距离至p=0.01%处水平距离(一)(二)(三)x=Cv=Cs=x=Cv=Cs=x=Cv=Cs=666.50.260.52666.50.350.77666.50.30.69FKp年径流深YpFKP年径流深YpFKP年径流深Yp0.1-3.09020.62883.852.011342.14.202.471646.44.092.231483.40.2-2.87820.84093.521.931284.23.812.331556.13.722.121409.70.33-2.71641.00263.271.861241.23.532.231489.33.442.031355.20.5-2.57581.14323.071.811204.53.292.151432.93.211.961309.01-2.32631.39272.701.711141.12.872.001336.12.821.851229.62-2.05371.66532.321.611074.32.441.851235.42.401.721146.75-1.64492.07421.781.47978.91.831.641094.11.821.541029.610-1.28162.43751.321.35898.91.341.47978.01.331.40932.920-0.84162.87740.811.21807.90.781.27849.10.791.24824.65003.719-0.090.98651.1-0.130.96636.8-0.110.97643.6750.67454.3935-0.710.81541.2-0.730.75497.3-0.720.78522.1901.28165.0006-1.210.68453.7-1.170.59393.3-1.190.64429.5951.64495.3639-1.480.61406.3-1.400.51340.1-1.430.57381.2992.32636.0454-1.930.49326.9-1.750.39257.2-1.810.46303.9\n\n6、已知某坝址断面有30年的洪峰流量实测值,如下表所示,根据历史调查得知1890年和1912年曾发生过特大洪水,推算得洪峰流量分别为8000m3/s和6700m3/s,实测期内也发生过一次特大洪水,流量为7360m3/s,试用求矩适线法推求该坝址断面200年一遇洪峰流量。(同时附有excel数据文件)年份流量(m3/s)1890800019126700195217201953156019543440195531019562200195718601958210019597360196086019611540196226001963320019641800196526201966620196713001968140019691700197025201971182019722400197390019741100197585019761450197726001978480197924001980310019812100\n解:分析可知,以上资料属于共有3个特大制的不连续系列,即;实测期为30年,即;实测期内有一个特大值(1959年),即;特大洪水出现年份是1890年,而实测期最后年份是1981年,则调查考证期年。特大洪峰流量的经验频率按计算式中—历史特大洪峰流量或实测系列中的特大洪峰流量经验频率;—在调查考证期内,历史和实测系列中特大洪峰流量按递减次序排列的序位;—调查考证期年数。其余年按计算的系列各年最大流量对应的经验频率,计算结果如表6-1所示式中—实测洪峰流量经验频率(%);—特大洪水的年(个)数;—实测洪峰流量系列中按特大洪峰流量处理的年(个)数。按计算的系列平均流量按计算的系列变差系数式中—洪峰流量均值;—历年洪峰流量值;—观测系列的项数,即年数;—变差系数。应用求矩适线法确定采用的统计参数和理论频率曲线:\n\n表.6-1顺序号按年份顺序排列按流量大小顺序排列经验频率p(%)至p=50%处水平距离x轴(Qj-`Q)2年份流量(m3/s)年份流量(m3/s)123456789118908000189080001.08-2.2989921.42002436086904.0219126700195973602.15-2.0236061.69541128807239.8319521720191267003.23-1.8485961.87042022158086.1219531560195434406.45-1.5179292.2010872094496.8319543440196332009.68-1.3001532.4188631457422.7419553101980310012.90-1.1309782.5880391225975.25195622001965262016.13-0.9891692.729848393427.06195718601962260019.35-0.8648942.854122368737.57195821001977260022.58-0.7527292.966288368737.58195973601970252025.81-0.6493243.069693277979.5919608601972240029.03-0.5524433.166574165842.510196115401979240032.26-0.4604953.258522165842.511196226001956220035.48-0.3722893.34672742947.412196332001958210038.71-0.2868943.43212311499.913196418001981210041.94-0.2035443.51547211499.914196526201957186045.16-0.1215873.59742917625.81519666201971182048.39-0.0404413.67857629846.816196713001964180051.610.0404413.75945737157.317196814001952172054.840.1215873.84060474399.318196917001969170058.060.2035443.92256185709.819197025201953156061.290.2868944.005910187283.320197118201961154064.520.3722894.091306204993.821197224001976145067.740.4604954.179511294591.02219739001968140070.970.5524434.271459351367.223197411001967130074.190.6493244.368340479919.72419758501974110077.420.7527294.471745797024.62519761450197390080.650.8648944.5839111194129.62619772600196086083.870.9891694.7081851283150.6271978480197585087.101.1309784.8499941305905.82819792400196662090.321.3001535.0191701884476.52919803100197848093.551.5179295.2369462288450.03019812100195531096.771.8485965.5676132831689.2合计74610 106984358.8 N=92Qi总=52550Qj总=22060 计算a=3`Q=1992.8 n=30(Qi-`Q)2总=19932128.9(Qj-`Q)2总=87052229.9 l=1Cv=0.64 \n表.6-2p(%)0.2151020509095至p=50%处水平距离-2.878-2.326-1.645-1.282-0.84201.2821.645x轴0.8411.3932.0742.4372.8773.7195.0015.364 `Q=1992.8F4.423.201.921.340.72-0.21-1.07-1.21(一)Cv=0.64Kp3.833.052.231.861.460.870.320.22 Cs=1.28流量(m3/s)8422.66707.84908.04087.23217.01907.6694.7491.0 `Q=2200F5.793.872.011.240.51-0.37-0.76-0.77(二)Cv=0.64Kp4.713.482.291.801.320.770.520.51 Cs=2.56流量(m3/s)10356.47656.55035.83950.82913.01685.31134.81111.1 `Q=2200F4.953.471.981.320.65-0.28-0.96-1.04(三)Cv=2.19Kp4.963.782.582.061.520.780.230.17 Cs=1.752流量(m3/s)10906.58312.75679.74524.43346.11715.8515.8374.5最终采用值为