最新专业英语-生态学教材精品课件

BiodiversityvalueDirectvalueIndirectvalue第一页，共14页。\nBiodiversityvalueDirectvalueProvidefoodandenergy.Provide richresourcesof medicinalherbs.Provide industrialrawmaterials.第二页，共14页。\nBiodiversityvalueIndirectvalueMaintainthebalanceandstabilityofecologicalsystemSolarfixedHydrologyregulationClimateregulationabsorptionanddecompositionofpollutants,Storageofnutrientelementsandpromotenutrientcyclingmaintenanceoftheevolutionaryprocess第三页，共14页。\nThreat-Excessivedeforestation第四页，共14页。\nThreat-Industrialpollution第五页，共14页。\nThreat-Excessiveexploitation第六页，共14页。\nCaseStudyCostaRica'sleadingagriculturalproduceshavelongincludedbeefandbananas,whoseproductionandcultivationrequireextensiveenvironmentalmodification.第七页，共14页。\nAtthebeginingTheQuakersreliedonmilkandcheeseformuchoftheireconomicactivity,Theyalsosetasideone-thirdoftheirlandforconservation.TheQuakers'efforts,alongwithcontributionsfrominternationalconservationorganizationsProvidedthebeginningsofwhatistodaytheMonteverdeCloudForestBiologicalReserve.Quakers:Quakers(orFriends,astheyrefertothemselves)aremembersofafamilyofreligiousmovementscollectivelyknownastheReligiousSocietyofFriends.TheQuakersmakeitstart第八页，共14页。\nThisprivatelymanaged10,500-ha(26,000-acre)reservewasestablishedin1972toprotecttheforestanditspopulationsof2,500plantspecies,400birdspecies,500butterflyspecies,100mammalspecies,and120reptileandamphibianspecies,includingthegoldentoad.MonteverdeCloudForestBiologicalReserve第九页，共14页。\nIn1970,theCostaRicangovernmentandinternationalrepresentativescametogethertocreatethecountry'sfirstnationalparksandprotectedareas.Thefirstparkscenteredonareasofspectacularscenery,suchasTortugueroNationalParkessentialnestingbeachesforthegreenturtleCahuitaNationalParkprotectaprominentcoralreefsystemPoasVolcanoNationalParkSantaRosaNationalParkencompassedvaluabletropicaldryforest第十页，共14页。\nInitiallythegovernmentgavetheparkslittlerealsupport.AccordingtoCostaRicanconservationistMarioBoza,intheirearlyyearstheparksweregrantedonlyfiveguards,onevehicle,andnofundingTodaygovernmentsupportisgreater.Fully12%ofthenation'sareaiscontainedinnationalparks,andafurther16%isdevotedtoothertypesofwildlifeandconservationreserves.CostaRicans,alongwithinternationalbiologists,areworkingtoprotectendangeredspeciesandrecovertheirpopulations.Thebenefitsoftheirconservationefforts-notonlyecologicalbenefits,butalsoeconomicones.TouristsfromaroundtheworldnowvisitCostaRica,aphenomenoncalledecotourismTheecotourismindustrydrawsmorethan1millionvisitorstoCostaRicaeachyear,providesthousandsofjobstoCostaRicans,andisamajorcontributortothecountry'seconomy.It’scontributions(40%)outweighthoseofindustry(22%)andagriculture(13%)combined.第十一页，共14页。\nCostaRicahasprotectedawidearrayofitsdiversenaturalareas.Thisprotectionhasstimulatedthenation'seconomythroughecotourism.Here,visitorsexperienceawalkwaythroughtheforestcanopyinoneofthenation'sparks第十二页，共14页。\nHowBesttoConserveBiodiversity?Mostpeopleviewnationalparksandecotourismasexcellentwaystohelpkeepecologicalsystemsintact.Yetthegoldentoadwentextinctdespitelivingwithinareserveestablishedtoprotectit,andclimatechangedoesnotpayattentiontoparkboundaries.ItremainstobeseenhoweffectivelyecotourismcanhelppreservenaturalsystemsinCostaRicainthelongterm.Asforestsoutsidetheparksdisappear,theparksarebeginningtosufferfromillegalhuntingandtimberextraction.Theparksarestillunderprotectedandunderfunded.Stillneedmoremoneytopreservehabitat,protectendangeredspecies,andrestorealteredcommunitiestotheirformerconditionWhatlessonscanwetakefromthisabouttheconservationofbiodiversity?第十三页，共14页。\nConclusionThegoldentoadandotherorganismsoftheMonteverdecloudforesthavehelpedilluminatethefundamentalsofevolutionandpopulationecologythatareintegraltoenvironmentalscience.Theevolutionaryprocessesofnaturalselection,speciation,andextinctionhelpdetermineEarth'sbiodiversity.UnderstandinghowecologicalprocessesworkatthepopulationleveliscrucialtoprotectingbiodiversitythreatenedbythemassextinctioneventManybiologistsmaintainisalreadyunderwayIncludeyou?第十四页，共14页。